{"id":216,"date":"2021-06-12T21:59:28","date_gmt":"2021-06-12T21:59:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/?p=216"},"modified":"2026-09-19T07:46:12","modified_gmt":"2026-09-19T07:46:12","slug":"osc-vs-mono-from-a-city","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/osc-vs-mono-from-a-city\/","title":{"rendered":"OSC vs Mono Astrophotography From a City: Which Works Best?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style>body.ua-editorial-page{background:#101315;color:#e8edef}body.ua-editorial-page #page{overflow:clip!important}body.ua-editorial-page #content>.wrapper,body.ua-editorial-page #primary,body.ua-editorial-page .singular-content-wrap{width:100%;max-width:none;padding-inline:0}.ua-editorial-post>.entry-header{display:none}.ua-editorial-post>.entry-content{max-width:1360px;margin:auto!important;padding:28px clamp(18px,3.2vw,44px) 56px;box-sizing:border-box;color:#e8edef}.ua-editorial-post .entry-content :is(h1,h2,h3,h4){font-family:Oxygen,sans-serif!important;text-transform:none!important;text-shadow:none!important;line-height:1.3!important;color:#edf0f2!important;font-weight:600!important}.ua-editorial-post .entry-content h1{font-size:clamp(30px,4vw,52px)!important}.ua-editorial-post .entry-content h2{font-size:clamp(26px,3vw,34px)!important;margin:0 0 24px!important}.ua-editorial-post .entry-content h3{font-size:24px!important;margin:28px 0 20px!important}.ua-editorial-post .entry-content h4{font-size:20px!important;margin:24px 0 16px!important}.ua-editorial-post .entry-content :is(p,li){font-size:18px;line-height:1.75;color:#e8edef}.ua-editorial-post .entry-content p{margin-block:0 20px}.ua-editorial-post .entry-content :is(a,a span){color:#efad84!important}.ua-editorial-post a:focus-visible,.ua-editorial-post button:focus-visible{outline:2px solid #efad84;outline-offset:4px}.ua-editorial-post .entry-content>.kb-row-layout-wrap{background:transparent!important;border:0!important;border-radius:0!important;padding:0!important;margin:44px auto!important}.ua-editorial-post .entry-content>.kb-row-layout-wrap>.kt-row-column-wrap{padding:0!important;max-width:100%;gap:32px}.ua-editorial-post .kt-inside-inner-col{background:transparent!important}.ua-editorial-post .kt-inside-inner-col>:is(p,h2,h3,h4,ul,ol){max-width:780px;margin-inline:auto!important}.ua-editorial-post .entry-content>.wp-block-spacer{display:none}.ua-editorial-post .entry-content .wp-block-spacer{max-height:28px!important}.ua-editorial-post .entry-content img{max-width:100%;height:auto;object-fit:contain}.ua-editorial-post .stk-block-image{border:0!important;background:transparent!important;box-shadow:none!important}.ua-editorial-post .entry-content figcaption{font-size:14px!important;line-height:1.5!important;color:#bac2c6!important;text-align:center;padding:10px 0;max-width:900px;margin:auto}.ua-editorial-post .entry-content>.wp-block-cover{min-height:340px!important;margin:24px 0 40px!important;width:100%!important;max-width:100%!important;left:auto!important}.ua-editorial-post .wp-block-cover .wp-block-cover__image-background{height:100%!important;object-fit:cover!important}.ua-editorial-post .wp-block-cover p{font-size:14px!important;color:#e8edef!important}.ua-editorial-post .ua-back{display:inline-block;font-size:13px;margin-bottom:12px}.ua-editorial-post .ua-editorial-nav{position:sticky;top:var(--ua-editorial-top,0px);z-index:90;background:#101315;border-bottom:1px solid #343b3f;padding:8px 0;display:flex;gap:12px 24px;flex-wrap:wrap}.ua-editorial-post .ua-editorial-nav a{font-size:13px;color:#bac2c6!important;text-decoration:none;line-height:1.3;padding:6px 0}.ua-editorial-post .ua-editorial-nav a[aria-current=location],.ua-editorial-post .ua-editorial-nav a:focus-visible{color:#efad84!important}.ua-editorial-post .entry-content [id]{scroll-margin-top:var(--ua-editorial-scroll,110px)}.ua-editorial-post .ua-old-toc{display:none!important}.ua-editorial-post .ua-intro-row{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr)!important}.ua-editorial-post table{width:100%;background:transparent!important}.ua-editorial-post :is(td,th){padding:12px 16px!important;background:transparent!important;border:0!important;border-bottom:1px solid #343b3f!important;color:#e8edef!important;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5}.ua-editorial-post .wp-block-table{overflow-x:auto}.ua-editorial-post .ua-specs{max-width:900px;margin:24px auto}.ua-editorial-post .ua-specs th{text-align:left;width:38%}.ua-editorial-post .ua-specs td{text-align:left}.ua-editorial-post .entry-content .has-black-color{color:#e8edef!important}.ua-editorial-post .entry-content hr{border:0;border-top:1px solid #343b3f;margin:32px auto}.ua-editorial-post iframe{max-width:100%}.ua-editorial-post .ua-step-index{max-width:780px;margin:20px auto;display:flex;gap:12px 24px;flex-wrap:wrap}.ua-editorial-post .ua-step-index a{font-size:14px}.ua-editorial-post .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions button{background:#efad84!important;color:#101315!important;border:0!important;border-radius:4px!important;padding:10px 18px!important;font-size:14px!important}@media(hover:hover){.ua-editorial-post .ua-editorial-nav a:hover{color:#efad84!important}}@media(max-width:767px){.ua-editorial-post>.entry-content{padding-top:18px}.ua-editorial-post .entry-content :is(p,li){font-size:16px;line-height:1.7}.ua-editorial-post .entry-content>.wp-block-cover{min-height:280px!important}.ua-editorial-post .entry-content>.kb-row-layout-wrap{margin:32px auto!important}.ua-editorial-post .entry-content h3{font-size:21px!important}.ua-editorial-post .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr)!important}.ua-editorial-post .ua-editorial-nav{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr));grid-template-rows:repeat(var(--ua-mobile-nav-rows,3),minmax(24px,auto));grid-auto-flow:column;align-content:start;gap:0 6px;padding:0 4px 6px;counter-reset:ua-editorial-nav}.ua-editorial-post .ua-editorial-nav a{font-size:11.5px;height:auto;min-height:24px;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;align-items:center;padding:0 2px;white-space:normal;counter-increment:ua-editorial-nav}.ua-editorial-post .ua-editorial-nav a::before{content:counter(ua-editorial-nav) \". \";flex:0 0 auto;margin-right:.25em;color:inherit}.ua-editorial-post .ua-specs :is(th,td){padding:10px 8px!important;font-size:14px}.ua-editorial-post .entry-content .wp-block-cover p{font-size:12px!important}}.ua-editorial-post .entry-content .ua-editorial-nav a{color:#bac2c6!important;text-decoration:none!important}.ua-editorial-post .entry-content .ua-editorial-nav a[aria-current=location],.ua-editorial-post .entry-content .ua-editorial-nav a:focus-visible{color:#efad84!important}@media(hover:hover){.ua-editorial-post .entry-content .ua-editorial-nav a:hover{color:#efad84!important}}body.ua-editorial-page #scrollup{background:#252c30!important;color:#efad84!important;border:1px solid #465056;border-radius:50%}body.ua-editorial-page #scrollup svg{fill:#efad84!important}.ua-editorial-post .ua-editorial-nav a{transition:none!important}\/* Reading alignment and quieter hero *\/\n.ua-refined .entry-content .kt-inside-inner-col>:is(figure,.wp-block-table,.stk-block-image,.stk-block-text,.wp-block-heading,.wp-block-list,ul,ol){max-width:780px!important;width:100%;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;float:none!important;box-sizing:border-box}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .kt-inside-inner-col>figure img{display:block;margin:auto!important;max-width:100%!important;width:auto!important;height:auto!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .kt-inside-inner-col>figure{margin-block:26px!important;text-align:center}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .kt-inside-inner-col>figure:has(img[width=\"1024\"]){max-width:1000px!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content :is(.ua-specs,table){max-width:780px!important;margin-inline:auto!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-section-deck{font-size:16px;color:#bac2c6;margin-top:-12px!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content>.ua-soft-hero{min-height:380px!important;padding:70px 32px 50px!important;overflow:hidden;background:#101315!important;isolation:isolate}\n.ua-refined .ua-soft-hero:after{content:'';position:absolute;inset:0;background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(16,19,21,.25),rgba(16,19,21,.35) 35%,#101315 100%);z-index:0;pointer-events:none}\n.ua-refined .ua-soft-hero .wp-block-cover__background{opacity:.35!important}\n.ua-refined .ua-soft-hero .wp-block-cover__inner-container{z-index:1;max-width:1000px!important;text-align:left!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-soft-hero h1{text-align:left!important;font-size:clamp(32px,4vw,52px)!important;margin:12px 0 22px!important;max-width:980px!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-soft-hero p{text-align:left!important;margin:0!important;max-width:none!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-soft-hero .ua-hero-label{font-size:12px!important;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#efad84!important;text-transform:uppercase}\n\/* Shared Target-style retailer cards *\/\n.ua-refined .ua-retail-grid,.ua-refined .ua-equipment-grid,.ua-refined .ua-rig-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr));gap:24px;margin:26px 0 40px;align-items:start}\n@media(min-width:768px){.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-retail-grid:has(> :last-child:nth-child(-n+2)){max-width:780px;width:100%;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-retail-card,.ua-refined .ua-equipment-card,.ua-refined .ua-rig-card{min-width:0;background:#151a1d!important;border:1px solid #293034!important;border-radius:5px!important;overflow:hidden;padding:0!important;margin:0!important;box-shadow:none!important}\n.ua-refined .ua-retail-card:hover,.ua-refined .ua-equipment-card:focus-within{border-color:#a87251!important}\n.ua-refined .ua-retail-card>.kt-row-column-wrap{display:block!important;padding:0!important;max-width:none!important}\n.ua-refined .ua-retail-card .kt-inside-inner-col{padding:0!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-retail-card figure,.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-equipment-card>figure,.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-rig-card>figure{max-width:none!important;width:100%!important;margin:0!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-retail-card img,.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-equipment-card>figure img,.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-rig-card>figure img{display:block;width:100%!important;height:210px!important;object-fit:contain!important;margin:auto!important;background:#101315}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-retail-card .wp-block-kadence-column:last-child{padding:16px!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-retail-card h3,.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-equipment-card h3,.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-rig-card h3{font-size:20px!important;line-height:1.4!important;margin:0 0 14px!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-retail-card :is(p,li),.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-equipment-card :is(p,li),.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-rig-card :is(p,li){font-size:15px!important;line-height:1.65!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content a.ua-retailer-link{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;min-height:42px;padding:8px 12px;margin:5px 0;border:1px solid #a87251;border-radius:4px;color:#efad84!important;background:#211e1b;font-size:14px!important;line-height:1.4;text-decoration:none!important;box-shadow:none!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content a.ua-retailer-link:hover{background:#35271e}\n.ua-refined .ua-kit-category{margin:46px 0}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-kit-category>h2{max-width:none!important;margin-bottom:24px!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-equipment-card>h3,.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-rig-card>h3{padding:18px 18px 0;margin:0 0 12px!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-equipment-notes{margin:0!important;padding:0 18px 18px!important;border:0!important;background:transparent!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content summary{cursor:pointer;color:#efad84;font-size:14px;min-height:42px;line-height:1.5;padding:10px 0}\n.ua-refined .ua-equipment-notes[open]>summary{margin-bottom:12px}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-rig-card>p{padding:0 18px 18px}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-equipment-notes a:not(.ua-retailer-link){background:transparent!important;color:#efad84!important;border:0!important;padding:0!important;font-size:15px!important;box-shadow:none!important;text-transform:none!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-modern-buttons a{background:#211e1b!important;color:#efad84!important;border:1px solid #a87251!important;border-radius:4px!important;padding:8px 12px!important;box-shadow:none!important;font-size:14px!important;text-transform:none!important}\n\/* Original verdict wording, presented as two readable lists. *\/\n.ua-refined .ua-verdict-grid{max-width:1000px;margin:24px auto 32px;display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:32px}\n.ua-refined .ua-verdict-grid>section{padding:22px;border-top:2px solid #a87251;background:#151a1d;min-width:0}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-verdict-grid h3{font-size:21px!important;margin:0 0 18px!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-verdict-grid ul{padding-left:20px;margin:0!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-verdict-grid li{font-size:16px;line-height:1.65;margin-bottom:10px}\n\/* Footer *\/\n.ua-refined .ua-editorial-footer{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,minmax(0,1fr));gap:28px;border-top:1px solid #343b3f;padding-top:36px;margin:56px 0 24px}\n.ua-refined .ua-editorial-footer>section{min-width:0}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-editorial-footer h3{font-size:22px!important;margin:0 0 16px!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-editorial-footer p{font-size:15px!important;line-height:1.65!important;margin:0 0 16px!important}\n.ua-refined .ua-editorial-footer a{font-size:14px!important}\n.ua-refined .ua-footer-social{display:flex;gap:14px;margin-top:16px;flex-wrap:wrap}\n.ua-refined .ua-editorial-footer details{margin-top:12px}\n.ua-refined .ua-editorial-footer input{max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box}\n.ua-refined .ua-editorial-footer .wpedon-container br{display:none}\n.ua-refined .ua-editorial-footer .wpedon-container label{display:block;margin:10px 0}\n.ua-refined .ua-editorial-footer .wpedon-container form{margin-top:12px}\n.ua-refined .ua-editorial-footer .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form-elements{display:flex!important;flex-direction:column;gap:10px}\n\/* Single dark image viewer, including fit, zoom and adjacent images. *\/\n.ua-refined .entry-content button.ua-enlarge{display:block;padding:0!important;border:0!important;background:transparent!important;box-shadow:none!important;width:auto;max-width:100%;margin:auto;cursor:zoom-in;line-height:0}\n.ua-refined .ua-enlarge img{display:block;margin:auto}\nbody.ua-viewer-open{overflow:hidden}\ndialog.ua-photo-dialog{position:fixed;inset:0;width:100vw;max-width:none;height:100dvh;max-height:none;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;background:#090c0f;color:#edf0f2;overflow:hidden;box-sizing:border-box}\n.ua-photo-dialog::backdrop{background:#090c0f}\n.ua-photo-toolbar{height:64px;display:flex;gap:12px;align-items:center;padding:10px 20px;border-bottom:1px solid #293034}\n.ua-photo-count{margin-right:auto;font:14px system-ui}\n.ua-photo-dialog button{color:#edf0f2;background:#252c30;border:1px solid #465056;border-radius:5px;min-height:44px;padding:9px 16px;font:14px system-ui;cursor:pointer}\n.ua-photo-dialog button:focus-visible{outline:2px solid #efad84;outline-offset:3px}\n.ua-photo-stage{position:absolute;inset:74px 64px 96px;overflow:auto;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;touch-action:pan-x pan-y}\n.ua-photo-stage img{display:block;max-width:100%;max-height:100%;width:auto;height:auto;object-fit:contain}\n.ua-photo-stage.is-zoomed{display:block;cursor:move}\n.ua-photo-stage.is-zoomed img{width:200%;max-width:none;max-height:none;height:auto}\n.ua-photo-prev,.ua-photo-next{position:absolute;top:50%;width:44px;padding:0!important;font-size:34px!important;border-radius:50%!important}\n.ua-photo-prev{left:10px}.ua-photo-next{right:10px}\n.ua-photo-caption{position:absolute;bottom:0;left:64px;right:64px;height:72px;overflow:auto;font:14px\/1.5 system-ui;text-align:center;margin:12px 0;padding:8px}\n@media(max-width:1050px){.ua-refined .ua-equipment-grid,.ua-refined .ua-retail-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}.ua-refined .ua-editorial-footer{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}}\n@media(max-width:767px){.ua-refined .entry-content>.ua-soft-hero{min-height:300px!important;padding:44px 14px 30px!important}.ua-refined .ua-equipment-grid,.ua-refined .ua-retail-grid,.ua-refined .ua-rig-grid,.ua-refined .ua-verdict-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.ua-refined .ua-editorial-footer{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:30px}.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-verdict-grid>section{padding:18px}.ua-photo-stage{inset:70px 44px 100px}.ua-photo-caption{left:15px;right:15px}.ua-photo-prev{left:2px}.ua-photo-next{right:2px}.ua-photo-toolbar{padding:8px 12px}.ua-photo-dialog button{padding:8px 12px}.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-retail-card img,.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-equipment-card>figure img{height:220px!important}}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-soft-hero .ua-hero-label{text-transform:none!important;letter-spacing:.06em}.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-equipment-card>h3 a,.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-retail-card h3 a{color:#edf0f2!important;text-decoration:none!important}.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-equipment-card>h3 a:hover,.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-retail-card h3 a:hover{text-decoration:underline!important}.ua-refined .ua-editorial-footer input[type=email]{background:#151a1d!important;color:#edf0f2!important;border:1px solid #465056!important;border-radius:4px!important;padding:12px!important;width:100%!important}.ua-refined .ua-editorial-footer input::placeholder{color:#bac2c6!important;opacity:1}.ua-refined .ua-footer-social a{display:inline!important;background:none!important;width:auto!important;height:auto!important}.ua-refined .entry-content .wp-block-jetpack-image-compare .jx-slider{position:relative!important;width:100%;height:100%}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .wp-block-jetpack-image-compare .jx-image{position:absolute!important;top:0!important;height:100%!important;overflow:hidden!important;margin:0!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .wp-block-jetpack-image-compare .jx-image.jx-left{left:0!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .wp-block-jetpack-image-compare .jx-image.jx-right{right:0!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .wp-block-jetpack-image-compare .jx-image img{position:absolute!important;top:0!important;width:var(--ua-compare-width)!important;max-width:none!important;height:100%!important;margin:0!important;object-fit:fill!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .wp-block-jetpack-image-compare .jx-image.jx-left img{left:0!important;right:auto!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .wp-block-jetpack-image-compare .jx-image.jx-right img{right:0!important;left:auto!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-flat-card .ua-card-copy{padding:18px!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-flat-card figure{margin:0!important;width:100%!important;max-width:none!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-flat-card figure img{width:100%!important;height:220px!important;object-fit:contain!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-flat-card h3{font-size:20px!important;margin:0 0 14px!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-logo-pair{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:40px;max-width:780px;margin:24px auto}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-logo-pair figure{flex:0 1 240px;width:240px!important;margin:0!important;float:none!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-logo-pair figure img{width:240px!important;height:150px!important;object-fit:contain!important;margin:0!important}\n.ua-refined .ua-rig-components{padding:0 18px 18px}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-rig-components ul{padding-left:20px;margin:6px 0!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-rig-components li{margin:8px 0;line-height:1.5!important}\n.ua-refined .ua-start-carousel{max-width:1000px;margin:26px auto;position:relative}\n.ua-refined .ua-start-rail{display:grid;grid-auto-flow:column;grid-auto-columns:calc((100% - 40px)\/3);gap:20px;overflow-x:auto;scroll-snap-type:x mandatory;scrollbar-width:thin;padding-bottom:12px}\n.ua-refined .ua-start-card{display:block;scroll-snap-align:start;background:#151a1d;border:1px solid #293034;border-radius:5px;overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none!important;min-width:0}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-start-card img{display:block;width:100%!important;aspect-ratio:1;object-fit:cover!important;height:auto!important}\n.ua-refined .ua-start-card span{display:block;padding:16px;font-size:17px;color:#edf0f2!important}\n.ua-refined .ua-start-controls{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;top:calc(50% - 40px);left:-12px;right:-12px}\n.ua-refined .ua-start-controls button{pointer-events:auto;background:#252c30;color:#edf0f2;border:1px solid #465056;width:44px;height:44px;border-radius:50%;padding:0;font-size:30px;cursor:pointer}\n.ua-photo-dialog .ua-photo-zoom{display:none}\n.ua-photo-stage:not(.is-zoomed) img{cursor:zoom-in}\n.ua-photo-stage.is-zoomed img{cursor:zoom-out}\n@media(max-width:767px){.ua-refined .ua-start-rail{grid-auto-columns:85%}.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-logo-pair{gap:20px;flex-wrap:wrap}.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-logo-pair figure{flex-basis:200px!important}.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-logo-pair figure img{width:200px!important;height:125px!important}}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-logo-pair>a{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex:0 1 240px;width:240px;height:150px}.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-logo-pair>a img{width:240px!important;height:150px!important;object-fit:contain!important;margin:0!important}\n.ua-refined .ua-start-rail{scrollbar-width:none!important}.ua-refined .ua-start-rail::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-logo-pair img[src*=\"science-white-blue\"]{transform:scale(1.12);transform-origin:center}\n.ua-refined .ua-rig-card:has(.ua-rig-components[open]){grid-column:1\/-1}\n.ua-refined .ua-rig-card:has(.ua-rig-components[open])>figure{max-width:600px!important;margin-inline:auto!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-rig-equipment-grid{margin:20px 0 0}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-rig-equipment-grid .ua-equipment-card>h3{padding:18px 18px 0!important}\n\n.ua-refined .ua-rig-grid{align-items:stretch}\n.ua-refined .ua-rig-card{display:flex;flex-direction:column}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-rig-card>figure{padding:18px 18px 0!important;box-sizing:border-box;flex:none}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-rig-card>figure img{height:190px!important;width:100%!important;object-fit:contain!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-rig-card>figure .ua-enlarge{height:190px;width:100%}\n.ua-refined .ua-rig-card>.ua-rig-components{margin-top:auto}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-comparison-section{max-width:780px!important;margin-inline:auto!important;padding-top:28px;border-top:1px solid #343b3f}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-comparison-section>.ua-comparison-result{border-left:3px solid #efad84;padding:12px 18px!important;background:#151a1d;color:#edf0f2!important;font-size:17px!important;margin:0 0 24px!important;line-height:1.55!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-cost-pair{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:24px;margin:24px 0 28px}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-cost-pair>section{background:#151a1d;padding:20px;border-top:1px solid #465056}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-cost-pair h3{font-size:20px!important;margin:0 0 10px!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-cost-pair p{font-size:16px!important;margin:0!important}\n@media(max-width:767px){.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-cost-pair{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:14px}.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-comparison-section>.ua-comparison-result{font-size:16px!important}}\n.ua-editorial-post .ua-editorial-nav[hidden]{display:none!important}.ua-rollout .entry-content>:is(p,ul,ol,h2,h3,h4,audio){max-width:780px;margin-inline:auto!important}.ua-rollout .entry-content>.ua-plain-hero{min-height:0!important;padding:32px 0!important;background:none!important}.ua-rollout .entry-content>.ua-plain-hero:before{display:none}.ua-rollout .entry-content .ua-source-note{padding:20px;border-left:2px solid #a87251;background:#151a1d}.ua-rollout .entry-content>figure{margin:28px auto!important;max-width:100%}.ua-rollout .entry-content .has-text-align-center:not(figcaption){text-align:left}.ua-rollout .ua-soft-hero .has-text-align-center{text-align:left}\n<\/style>\n<script>(()=>{function init(){const conf=document.querySelector('script.ua-editorial-config');if(!conf)return;const c=JSON.parse(conf.textContent),root=conf.closest('.entry-content'),post=root.closest('article');if(!post||post.classList.contains('ua-editorial-post'))return;post.classList.add('ua-editorial-post');document.body.classList.add('ua-editorial-page');if(c.rollout&&c.id===957){[['Here\u2019s info about the source data:','Source data'],[\"Here's info about the source data:\",'Source data'],['Onto my workflow!','Workflow'],['* Save as TIFF again. Load in Topaz','Finishing']].forEach(([text,label])=>{const p=Array.from(root.querySelectorAll('p')).find(p=>p.textContent.trim().startsWith(text));if(p){const h=document.createElement('h3');h.textContent=label;p.before(h)}});root.querySelectorAll('h4').forEach(h=>{const p=document.createElement('p');p.className='ua-source-note';p.innerHTML=h.innerHTML;h.replaceWith(p)})}const hs=Array.from(root.querySelectorAll('h3'));const seen=new Set();root.querySelectorAll('[id]').forEach(e=>{if(seen.has(e.id))e.removeAttribute('id');else seen.add(e.id)});const nav=document.createElement('nav');nav.className='ua-editorial-nav';nav.setAttribute('aria-label','On this page');const back=document.createElement('a');back.className='ua-back';back.href='\/staging\/7355\/'+c.route+'\/';back.textContent='\u2190 Back to '+c.kind;const cover=root.querySelector('.wp-block-cover');root.insertBefore(back,cover);root.insertBefore(nav,cover);const targets=[];function retag(h,tag){const n=document.createElement(tag);Array.from(h.attributes).forEach(a=>n.setAttribute(a.name,a.value));n.innerHTML=h.innerHTML;h.replaceWith(n);return n}c.main.forEach(([i,label])=>{let h=hs[i];if(!h)return;if((c.insert||[]).includes(i)){const n=document.createElement('h2');n.textContent=label;h.before(n);h=n}else h=retag(h,'h2');h.id=h.id||'ua-section-'+i;const a=document.createElement('a');a.href='#'+h.id;a.textContent=label;nav.append(a);targets.push(h)});nav.style.setProperty('--ua-mobile-nav-rows',Math.max(1,Math.ceil(nav.children.length\/3)));if(c.id===314&&hs[4])retag(hs[4],'p');root.querySelectorAll('.wp-block-kadence-column').forEach(col=>{const t=col.textContent.trim();if(t.startsWith('Contents')&&!col.querySelector('h1,h2,h3,img')&&col.querySelectorAll('a[href^=\"#\"]').length>2){col.classList.add('ua-old-toc');col.parentElement.classList.add('ua-intro-row')}});if(c.id===2544){const steps=Array.from(root.querySelectorAll('h4')).filter(h=>\/^Step\\s*[123]\/i.test(h.textContent.trim()));steps.forEach(h=>retag(h,'h3'));const idx=document.createElement('div');idx.className='ua-step-index';idx.setAttribute('aria-label','Single-session steps');root.querySelectorAll('h3').forEach(h=>{if(\/^Step\\s*[123]\/i.test(h.textContent.trim())){const a=document.createElement('a');a.href='#'+h.id;a.textContent=h.textContent;idx.append(a)}});if(idx.childElementCount){const h=root.querySelector('[id=\"2\"]');h?.after(idx)}}if(c.id===13036){root.querySelectorAll('p').forEach(p=>{const lines=p.innerHTML.split(\/<br\\s*\\\/?\\s*>\/i).map(x=>x.trim()).filter(Boolean);if(lines.length>3&&lines.every(x=>\/^\\*\/.test(x))){const table=document.createElement('table');table.className='ua-specs';const tbody=document.createElement('tbody');lines.forEach(line=>{const tr=document.createElement('tr');const cut=line.indexOf(':');const th=document.createElement('th');th.scope='row';const td=document.createElement('td');if(cut>0){th.innerHTML=line.slice(1,cut).trim();td.innerHTML=line.slice(cut+1).trim()}else{th.innerHTML=line.slice(1).trim();td.textContent=''}tr.append(th,td);tbody.append(tr)});table.append(tbody);p.replaceWith(table)}})}if(c.id===13036){root.querySelectorAll('p').forEach(p=>{const lines=p.innerHTML.split(\/<br\\s*\\\/?\\s*>\/i).map(x=>x.trim()).filter(Boolean);if(lines.length===11){if(lines.every(x=>x.startsWith('<strong>'))){const table=document.createElement('table');table.className='ua-specs';const tbody=document.createElement('tbody');lines.forEach(line=>{const tr=document.createElement('tr'),th=document.createElement('th'),td=document.createElement('td');th.scope='row';const cut=line.indexOf('<\/strong>');th.innerHTML=line.slice(8,cut).replace(\/:$\/,'');td.innerHTML=line.slice(cut+9).trim();tr.append(th,td);tbody.append(tr)});table.append(tbody);p.replaceWith(table)}}})}if(c.id===314){root.querySelectorAll('a:has(img)').forEach(a=>{if(a.href.includes('\/review-')||a.href.includes('affiliate_id')||a.href.includes('firstlightoptics.com'))a.replaceWith(...a.childNodes)})}\/\/ Editorial pilot refinement. Existing copy, anchors and form nodes are moved, not recreated.\npost.classList.add('ua-refined');\nnav.querySelectorAll('a').forEach(a=>{if(a.textContent==='Equipment')a.textContent='Where to buy';const h=document.getElementById(a.hash.slice(1));if(!h)return;const original=h.textContent.trim();const label=a.textContent.trim();if(original.toLowerCase()!==label.toLowerCase()){if(c.id===2544&&\/^Part \/.test(original)){const deck=document.createElement('p');deck.className='ua-section-deck';deck.textContent=original;h.after(deck)}h.textContent=label}});\nconst hero=root.querySelector('.wp-block-cover');if(hero){hero.classList.add('ua-soft-hero');const title=hero.querySelector('h1');if(title){title.textContent=title.textContent.replace(\/^Review:\\s*\/i,'');const label=document.createElement('p');label.className='ua-hero-label';label.textContent=c.kind==='Reviews'?'Review':c.kind==='Articles'?'Article':'About';title.before(label)}hero.querySelectorAll('hr,.wp-block-spacer').forEach(e=>e.remove())}\n\/\/ Retailer grids use the Target card pattern.\nroot.querySelectorAll('h2').forEach(h=>{if(h.textContent!=='Where to buy')return;const host=h.parentElement;const rows=Array.from(host.children).filter(e=>e.classList.contains('kb-row-layout-wrap'));if(!rows.length)return;const grid=document.createElement('div');grid.className='ua-retail-grid';rows[0].before(grid);rows.forEach(row=>{row.classList.add('ua-retail-card');grid.append(row);row.querySelectorAll('a:has(img)').forEach(a=>a.replaceWith(...a.childNodes));const p=Array.from(row.querySelectorAll('p')).find(p=>p.querySelector('a'));const br=p?.querySelector('br');if(p&&br){const range=document.createRange();range.setStart(p,0);range.setEndBefore(br);const heading=document.createElement('h3');heading.append(range.extractContents());br.remove();p.before(heading);const review=Array.from(p.querySelectorAll('a')).find(a=>\/Read my review\/i.test(a.textContent));if(review){const a=document.createElement('a');a.href=review.href;a.target=review.target;a.rel=review.rel;a.append(...heading.childNodes);heading.append(a)}}row.querySelectorAll('a').forEach(a=>{if(\/^Buy\\b\/.test(a.textContent.trim()))a.classList.add('ua-retailer-link')});const img=row.querySelector('img');if(img&&!img.alt)img.alt=row.querySelector('h3')?.textContent.trim()||''})});\n\/\/ My Kit: three rig cards, then grouped compact equipment cards.\nif(c.id===314){const rows=Array.from(root.querySelectorAll(':scope>.kb-row-layout-wrap'));let group=null,grid=null;rows.forEach(row=>{const inner=row.querySelector('.kt-inside-inner-col');if(!inner)return;const h2=inner.querySelector(':scope>h2'),h3=inner.querySelector(':scope>h3'),figure=inner.querySelector(':scope>figure');if(h2&&h2.textContent!=='Setups'){group=document.createElement('section');group.className='ua-kit-category';row.before(group);group.append(h2);grid=document.createElement('div');grid.className='ua-equipment-grid';group.append(grid);if(!h3){Array.from(inner.children).forEach(e=>group.insertBefore(e,grid));row.remove();return}}if(!h3||!figure)return;if(!group){let rigs=root.querySelector('.ua-rig-grid');if(!rigs){rigs=document.createElement('div');rigs.className='ua-rig-grid';row.before(rigs)}const card=document.createElement('article');card.className='ua-rig-card';card.append(figure,h3);card.append(...inner.childNodes);rigs.append(card);row.remove();return}const card=document.createElement('article');card.className='ua-equipment-card';const details=document.createElement('details');details.className='ua-equipment-notes';const summary=document.createElement('summary');summary.textContent='Notes and links';details.append(summary);card.append(figure,h3);Array.from(inner.childNodes).forEach(e=>details.append(e));card.append(details);grid.append(card);row.remove();figure.querySelectorAll('.lightbox-trigger').forEach(e=>e.remove());figure.querySelectorAll('a').forEach(a=>a.replaceWith(...a.childNodes));figure.querySelectorAll('[data-wp-interactive],[data-wp-on--click]').forEach(e=>{Array.from(e.attributes).filter(a=>a.name.startsWith('data-wp-')).forEach(a=>e.removeAttribute(a.name))});const image=figure.querySelector('img');if(image){const copy=image.cloneNode(true);Array.from(copy.attributes).filter(a=>a.name.startsWith('data-wp-')).forEach(a=>copy.removeAttribute(a.name));image.replaceWith(copy)}card.querySelectorAll('a').forEach(a=>{a.classList.remove('wp-block-button__link','kt-button');if(\/^Buy\\b\/.test(a.textContent.trim()))a.classList.add('ua-retailer-link')})});root.querySelectorAll('.wp-block-buttons,.kt-button-wrap').forEach(e=>e.classList.add('ua-modern-buttons'));}\nroot.querySelectorAll('.ua-equipment-card').forEach(card=>{const h=card.querySelector('h3'),review=Array.from(card.querySelectorAll('a')).find(a=>a.href.includes('\/review-'));if(h&&review){const a=document.createElement('a');a.href=review.href;a.target=review.target;a.rel=review.rel;a.append(...h.childNodes);h.append(a)}});\n\/\/ Present the original pros and cons as parallel editorial lists.\nif(c.id===13036){const verdict=document.getElementById('verdict')?.parentElement;if(verdict){const ps=Array.from(verdict.querySelectorAll('p')).filter(p=>\/The good:|The not-so-good:\/.test(p.textContent));if(ps.length===2){const grid=document.createElement('div');grid.className='ua-verdict-grid';ps[0].before(grid);ps.forEach(p=>{const parts=p.innerHTML.split(\/<br\\s*\\\/?\\s*>\/i).map(x=>x.trim()).filter(Boolean);const panel=document.createElement('section');const h=document.createElement('h3');h.innerHTML=parts.shift().replace(\/:$\/,'');panel.append(h);const ul=document.createElement('ul');parts.forEach(t=>{const li=document.createElement('li');li.innerHTML=t.replace(\/^\\*\\s*\/,'');ul.append(li)});panel.append(ul);grid.append(panel);p.remove()})}}}\n\/\/ Four quiet footer columns, preserving the working donation and subscription forms.\nconst oldFooter=root.querySelector('.engagement-columns')?.parentElement.closest('.wp-block-group');if(oldFooter){const footer=document.createElement('footer');footer.className='ua-editorial-footer';footer.setAttribute('aria-label','More from Urban Astrophotography');oldFooter.before(footer);function panel(title,copy){const section=document.createElement('section'),h=document.createElement('h3'),p=document.createElement('p');h.textContent=title;p.textContent=copy;section.append(h,p);footer.append(section);return section}function link(section,text,href){const a=document.createElement('a');a.textContent=text+' \u2192';a.href=href;section.append(a)}link(panel('Courses','Develop your photography with personal tuition, including an online Urban Astrophotography Masterclass.'),'Explore courses','\/staging\/7355\/courses\/');link(panel('Art Store','Bring the night sky into your home with a fine art print.'),'Visit the Art Store','\/staging\/7355\/artstore\/');const updates=panel('Stay updated','New photographs, practical guidance and reviews, as the projects unfold.');link(updates,'Subscribe for updates','\/staging\/7355\/subscribe\/');const social=document.createElement('div');social.className='ua-footer-social';oldFooter.querySelectorAll('a').forEach(a=>{if(\/Instagram|Facebook\/.test(a.textContent)){a.textContent=\/Instagram\/.test(a.textContent)?'Instagram':'Facebook';social.append(a)}});updates.append(social);const subscription=root.querySelector('.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions');if(subscription){const oldGroup=subscription.closest('.wp-block-group')||subscription.parentElement;subscription.remove();if(oldGroup!==root&&oldGroup!==oldFooter)oldGroup.remove()}const support=panel('Support','If you find the site useful, a donation helps with keeping it running.');const donate=oldFooter.querySelector('.wpedon-container');if(donate){const details=document.createElement('details'),summary=document.createElement('summary');summary.textContent='Donate';details.append(summary,donate);support.append(details)}oldFooter.remove();root.querySelectorAll('h3').forEach(h=>{if(h.textContent.trim()!=='Discover more from Urban Astrophotography'||h.closest('.ua-editorial-footer'))return;const group=h.closest('.wp-block-group');if(group&&!group.contains(footer)&&!group.querySelector('form,input,button,iframe')&&group.textContent.replace(\/\\s+\/g,' ').trim()==='Discover more from Urban Astrophotography Subscribe to get the latest posts sent to your email.')group.remove()});}\n\/\/ Separate every image\/copy pair into its own purchasing card.\nroot.querySelectorAll('.ua-retail-grid').forEach(grid=>{Array.from(grid.children).forEach(row=>{const wrap=row.querySelector(':scope>.kt-row-column-wrap');if(!wrap)return;const cols=Array.from(wrap.children).filter(e=>e.classList.contains('wp-block-kadence-column'));for(let i=0;cols.length>i;i+=2){const fig=cols[i].querySelector('figure'),copy=cols[i+1]?.querySelector('.kt-inside-inner-col');if(!fig||!copy)continue;const card=document.createElement('article');card.className='ua-retail-card ua-flat-card';const body=document.createElement('div');body.className='ua-card-copy';body.append(...copy.childNodes);card.append(fig,body);row.before(card);let h=body.querySelector('h3');if(!h){const p=body.querySelector('p'),br=p?.querySelector('br');if(p&&br){const range=document.createRange();range.setStart(p,0);range.setEndBefore(br);h=document.createElement('h3');h.append(range.extractContents());br.remove();p.before(h)}}if(h&&\/L-eXtreme\/.test(h.textContent)){const links=Array.from(body.querySelectorAll('a[href*=\"astroshop.eu\"]'));const correct=links.find(a=>a.href.includes('p,66894'));if(correct){const a=correct.cloneNode();a.textContent='Buy from Astroshop.eu';a.className='ua-retailer-link';links[0].before(a);links.forEach(x=>x.remove())}}if(h){const review=Array.from(body.querySelectorAll('a')).find(a=>\/Read my review\/.test(a.textContent));if(review&&!h.querySelector('a')){const a=review.cloneNode();a.append(...h.childNodes);h.append(a)}}fig.querySelectorAll('button').forEach(b=>b.remove());fig.querySelectorAll('img').forEach(im=>{const n=im.cloneNode(true);Array.from(n.attributes).filter(a=>a.name.startsWith('data-wp-')).forEach(a=>n.removeAttribute(a.name));im.replaceWith(n)});body.querySelectorAll('a').forEach(a=>{if(\/^Buy\\b\/.test(a.textContent.trim()))a.classList.add('ua-retailer-link')})}if(c.rollout){const remaining=Array.from(row.querySelectorAll('.kt-inside-inner-col')).filter(e=>e.textContent.trim()||e.querySelector('img,iframe,video'));remaining.forEach(e=>{const card=document.createElement('article');card.className='ua-retail-card ua-flat-card';const body=document.createElement('div');body.className='ua-card-copy';body.append(...e.childNodes);card.append(body);row.before(card)})}row.remove()})});\nif(c.id===314){const rigs=[[[\"Askar 130PHQ\",\"#askar_130\"],[\"StellarDrive X 6R PRO\",\"#StellarDrive-X-6R-PRO\"],[\"ZWO ASI 2600MC-PRO\",\"#2600mc\"],[\"Optolong L-Ultimate\",\"#l-ultimate\"],[\"Askar E2\",\"#e2\"],[\"Optolong L-Quad Enhance\",\"#l-quad\"],[\"ZWO Filter Drawer\",\"#filter_drawer\"],[\"Explore Scientific 2\\\" 3x Focal Extender\",\"#3x_focal_extender\"],[\"Askar Off-Axis Guider\",\"#askar_oag\"],[\"ZWO ASI 220MM Mini\",\"#220mm\"],[\"ZWO ASIAIR Plus\",\"#asiair-plus\"],[\"ZWO EAF\",\"#eaf\"],[\"Flats Panel\",\"#flats-panel\"],[\"PixInsight and Lightroom\",\"#pixinsight\"]],[[\"Svbony SV535\",\"#svbony_sv535\"],[\"StellarDrive X 6R PRO\",\"#StellarDrive-X-6R-PRO\"],[\"ZWO ASI 2600MC-PRO\",\"#2600mc\"],[\"Optolong L-Ultimate\",\"#l-ultimate\"],[\"Askar E2\",\"#e2\"],[\"Optolong L-Quad Enhance\",\"#l-quad\"],[\"Svbony SV165 Mini Guidescope\",\"#svbony_sv165\"],[\"ZWO ASI 120MM Mini\",\"#120mm\"],[\"ZWO ASIAIR Mini\",\"#asiair_mini\"],[\"ZWO EAF\",\"#eaf\"],[\"Flats Panel\",\"#flats-panel\"],[\"PixInsight and Lightroom\",\"#pixinsight\"]],[[\"ZWO Seestar S50\",\"#seestar_s50\"]]];const first=nav.querySelector('a');first.textContent='Rigs';document.getElementById(first.hash.slice(1)).textContent='Rigs';root.querySelectorAll('.ua-rig-card').forEach((card,i)=>{const details=document.createElement('details'),summary=document.createElement('summary'),ul=document.createElement('ul');details.className='ua-rig-components';summary.textContent='Equipment in this rig';details.append(summary,ul);(rigs[i]||[]).forEach(([label,hash])=>{const target=document.getElementById(hash.slice(1));if(!target)return;const li=document.createElement('li'),a=document.createElement('a');a.href=hash;a.textContent=target.textContent.replace(\/^(Telescope|Camera|Mount|Filter|Control|Guiding|Guidecam|Focus|Software|Smart telescope):\\s*\/i,'');a.addEventListener('click',()=>{const notes=target.closest('.ua-equipment-card')?.querySelector('details');if(notes)notes.open=true});li.append(a);ul.append(li)});card.append(details)});const notices=Array.from(root.querySelectorAll('p')).filter(p=>\/affiliate links\/i.test(p.textContent));notices.forEach((p,i)=>{if(i===0)p.textContent='This page contains affiliate links that help support the site at no extra cost to you.';else p.remove()});root.querySelectorAll('p').forEach(p=>{if(\/This is a long list, so nagivate\/.test(p.textContent))p.textContent='Browse by category, or open a rig\u2019s equipment list above. Expand each card for notes and links.'})}\nif(c.id===320){Array.from(root.querySelectorAll('h2')).forEach(h=>{if(['About me','Affiliates'].includes(h.textContent)){const row=h.closest('.kb-row-layout-wrap');const figs=Array.from(row.querySelectorAll('figure')).filter(f=>f.querySelector('a img'));if(figs.length){const grid=document.createElement('div');grid.className='ua-logo-pair';figs[0].before(grid);figs.forEach(f=>grid.append(f))}}if(h.textContent==='Start here'){const host=h.parentElement;const links=Array.from(host.querySelectorAll('a')).filter(a=>a.href.includes('\/staging\/7355\/'));const rail=document.createElement('div');rail.className='ua-start-rail';rail.setAttribute('aria-label','Suggested starting points');const shell=document.createElement('div');shell.className='ua-start-carousel';shell.append(rail);host.append(shell);links.forEach(old=>{const media=[{\"slug\":\"how-do-you-take-those-photos\",\"src\":\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/HowDo_1x1.jpg\"},{\"slug\":\"how-to-get-long-integration-times\",\"src\":\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/LongIntegration_1x1.jpg\"},{\"slug\":\"my-astrophotography-kit\",\"src\":\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/MyAstroKit_1x1.jpg\"},{\"slug\":\"osc-vs-mono-from-a-city\",\"src\":\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg\"}].find(x=>old.href.includes('\/'+x.slug+'\/'));if(!media)return;const a=document.createElement('a');a.className='ua-start-card';a.href=old.href;const img=document.createElement('img');img.src=media.src;img.alt='';img.loading='lazy';const title=document.createElement('span');title.textContent=old.textContent; a.append(img,title);rail.append(a);old.remove()});host.querySelectorAll('br').forEach(e=>e.remove());const controls=document.createElement('div');controls.className='ua-start-controls';['Previous','Next'].forEach((name,i)=>{const b=document.createElement('button');b.type='button';b.textContent=i?'\u203a':'\u2039';b.setAttribute('aria-label',name+' starting point');b.onclick=()=>rail.scrollBy({left:(i?1:-1)*(rail.firstElementChild.getBoundingClientRect().width+20),behavior:matchMedia('(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce)').matches?'auto':'smooth'});controls.append(b)});shell.append(controls)}})}\nroot.querySelectorAll('.wp-block-jetpack-image-compare .juxtapose').forEach(box=>{const resize=()=>box.style.setProperty('--ua-compare-width',box.getBoundingClientRect().width+'px');new ResizeObserver(resize).observe(box);resize()});\n\nif(c.id===320){const h=Array.from(root.querySelectorAll('h2')).find(h=>h.textContent==='Affiliates');const row=h?.closest('.kb-row-layout-wrap');if(row){const grid=row.querySelector('.ua-logo-pair');if(grid){const logos=Array.from(row.querySelectorAll('a:has(img)'));logos.forEach(a=>grid.append(a));row.querySelectorAll('figure').forEach(f=>{if(!f.querySelector('img'))f.remove()})}}}\n\nif(c.id===314){\nroot.querySelectorAll(':scope>.kb-row-layout-wrap').forEach(row=>{const wrap=row.querySelector(':scope>.kt-row-column-wrap');if(!wrap)return;Array.from(wrap.children).forEach(col=>{if(col.querySelector('.kt-button')&&!col.querySelector('h2,h3,img'))col.remove()});if(wrap.children.length===1)wrap.classList.add('ua-intro-row')});\nroot.querySelectorAll('.ua-rig-components').forEach(details=>{const sources=Array.from(details.querySelectorAll('a')).map(a=>document.getElementById(a.hash.slice(1))?.closest('.ua-equipment-card')).filter(Boolean);details.querySelector('ul')?.remove();const grid=document.createElement('div');grid.className='ua-equipment-grid ua-rig-equipment-grid';details.append(grid);details.addEventListener('toggle',()=>{if(details.open){if(!grid.children.length)sources.forEach(source=>{const card=source.cloneNode(true);card.querySelectorAll('[id]').forEach(e=>e.removeAttribute('id'));card.querySelectorAll('script').forEach(e=>e.remove());card.querySelectorAll('details').forEach(e=>e.open=false);grid.append(card)})}else grid.replaceChildren()})});\n}\n\n\nif(c.id===314){const seestar=Array.from(root.querySelectorAll('.ua-rig-card')).find(card=>card.querySelector('h3')?.textContent.includes('Seestar'));const p=seestar?.querySelector(':scope>p');if(p)p.textContent='A compact smart telescope. I image the same targets as my main rigs to show what beginners can achieve under light-polluted skies.';Array.from(root.querySelectorAll(':scope>.kb-row-layout-wrap')).forEach(row=>{const p=Array.from(row.querySelectorAll('p')).find(p=>p.textContent.trim()==='Full kit list');if(p){const marker=document.createElement('span');marker.id=p.id||'full_kit_list';row.before(marker);row.remove()}})}\nif(c.id===216){Array.from(root.querySelectorAll('h2')).filter(h=>['Cost','Acquisition','Versatility','Image quality','Fun factor'].includes(h.textContent)).forEach(h=>{const section=h.parentElement;section.classList.add('ua-comparison-section');Array.from(section.querySelectorAll(':scope>p')).forEach(p=>{const chunks=p.innerHTML.split(\/(?:<br\\s*\\\/?\\s*>\\s*){2,}\/i);if(chunks.length>1){chunks.forEach(html=>{const n=document.createElement('p');n.innerHTML=html;section.insertBefore(n,p)});p.remove()}});Array.from(section.querySelectorAll(':scope>p')).forEach(p=>{if(\/^Winner:\/.test(p.textContent.trim()))p.classList.add('ua-comparison-result')});if(h.textContent==='Cost'){const pair=Array.from(section.querySelectorAll(':scope>p')).filter(p=>\/^(OSC|Mono):\/.test(p.textContent.trim()));if(pair.length===2){const grid=document.createElement('div');grid.className='ua-cost-pair';pair[0].before(grid);pair.forEach(p=>{const panel=document.createElement('section'),label=document.createElement('h3'),strong=p.querySelector('strong');label.textContent=strong.textContent.replace(\/:$\/,'');strong.remove();p.querySelector('br')?.remove();panel.append(label,p);grid.append(panel)})}}})}\n\nif(c.id===314){const rigHeading=document.getElementById(nav.querySelector('a').hash.slice(1));const rigGrid=root.querySelector('.ua-rig-grid');if(rigHeading&&rigGrid){rigHeading.classList.add('ua-rigs-heading');rigGrid.before(rigHeading)}}\nif(c.rollout){post.classList.add('ua-rollout');if(!nav.children.length)nav.hidden=true;if(c.id===1834)root.querySelectorAll('h4').forEach(h=>retag(h,'h3'));root.querySelectorAll('.wp-block-kadence-column').forEach(col=>{if(col.querySelector('h1,h2,h3,img'))return;const links=Array.from(col.querySelectorAll('a'));if(links.length>2&&links.every(a=>(a.getAttribute('href')||'').startsWith('#'))){const plain=col.textContent.replace(\/\\s\/g,'');const labels=links.map(a=>a.textContent.replace(\/\\s\/g,'')).join('');if(plain===labels||plain==='Contents'+labels){col.classList.add('ua-old-toc');col.parentElement.classList.add('ua-intro-row')}}});root.querySelectorAll('p').forEach(p=>{if(p.closest('.ua-retail-card,.ua-editorial-footer,.wp-block-cover'))return;const bits=p.innerHTML.split(\/<br\\s*\\\/?>(?:\\s*<br\\s*\\\/?>)+\/i);if(bits.length>1){bits.forEach(bit=>{if(!bit.trim())return;const n=p.cloneNode(false);n.removeAttribute('id');n.innerHTML=bit;p.before(n)});p.remove()}})}\n\/\/ One dark, grouped image viewer. Disable the old WordPress\/Stackable triggers on these images.\nconst photos=[];root.querySelectorAll('figure').forEach(figure=>{if(figure.closest('.ua-equipment-card,.ua-retail-card,.ua-soft-hero,.ua-editorial-footer,.juxtapose,.jx-slider'))return;if(figure.querySelectorAll('img').length!==1)return;const source=figure.querySelector('img');if(!source)return;const oldAnchor=source.closest('a');if(oldAnchor){const href=oldAnchor.getAttribute('href')||'';if(href&&!\/\\.(jpe?g|png|webp)(\\?|$)\/i.test(href)&&!oldAnchor.classList.contains('stk--has-lightbox'))return}const image=source.cloneNode(true);Array.from(image.attributes).filter(a=>a.name.startsWith('data-wp-')).forEach(a=>image.removeAttribute(a.name));const candidates=(image.getAttribute('srcset')||'').split(',').map(x=>x.trim().split(\/\\s+\/)).filter(x=>x[0]).sort((a,b)=>parseInt(b[1]||0)-parseInt(a[1]||0));const url=image.getAttribute('data-orig-file')||image.getAttribute('data-full-url')||candidates[0]?.[0]||image.src;const caption=figure.querySelector('figcaption')?.textContent.trim()||image.alt||'Photograph';const button=document.createElement('button');button.type='button';button.className='ua-enlarge';button.setAttribute('aria-label','Enlarge '+caption);button.append(image);if(oldAnchor)oldAnchor.replaceWith(button);else source.replaceWith(button);figure.querySelectorAll('.lightbox-trigger').forEach(e=>e.remove());Array.from(figure.attributes).filter(a=>a.name.startsWith('data-wp-')).forEach(a=>figure.removeAttribute(a.name));figure.classList.remove('wp-lightbox-container');const index=photos.length;photos.push({url,caption,alt:image.alt,button});button.addEventListener('click',()=>openPhoto(index))});\nlet photoIndex=0,zoomed=false,opener=null;const dialog=document.createElement('dialog');dialog.className='ua-photo-dialog';dialog.setAttribute('aria-label','Image viewer');dialog.innerHTML='<div class=\"ua-photo-toolbar\"><span class=\"ua-photo-count\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"ua-photo-zoom\">Zoom in<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"ua-photo-close\" aria-label=\"Close image viewer\">Close \u00d7<\/button><\/div><div class=\"ua-photo-stage\"><img alt=\"\"><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"ua-photo-prev\" aria-label=\"Previous image\">\u2039<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"ua-photo-next\" aria-label=\"Next image\">\u203a<\/button><p class=\"ua-photo-caption\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p>';document.body.append(dialog);const large=dialog.querySelector('img'),stage=dialog.querySelector('.ua-photo-stage'),zoom=dialog.querySelector('.ua-photo-zoom');function showPhoto(index){photoIndex=(index+photos.length)%photos.length;const photo=photos[photoIndex];large.src=photo.url;large.alt=photo.alt;dialog.querySelector('.ua-photo-caption').textContent=photo.caption;dialog.querySelector('.ua-photo-count').textContent=(photoIndex+1)+' \/ '+photos.length;zoomed=false;stage.classList.remove('is-zoomed');zoom.textContent='Zoom in';zoom.setAttribute('aria-pressed','false');dialog.querySelectorAll('.ua-photo-prev,.ua-photo-next').forEach(b=>b.hidden=photos.length<2)}function openPhoto(index){opener=photos[index].button;showPhoto(index);dialog.showModal();document.body.classList.add('ua-viewer-open')}dialog.querySelector('.ua-photo-close').onclick=()=>dialog.close();dialog.querySelector('.ua-photo-prev').onclick=()=>showPhoto(photoIndex-1);dialog.querySelector('.ua-photo-next').onclick=()=>showPhoto(photoIndex+1);zoom.onclick=()=>{zoomed=!zoomed;stage.classList.toggle('is-zoomed',zoomed);zoom.textContent=zoomed?'Fit image':'Zoom in';zoom.setAttribute('aria-pressed',String(zoomed))};dialog.addEventListener('close',()=>{document.body.classList.remove('ua-viewer-open');opener?.focus({preventScroll:true})});dialog.addEventListener('keydown',e=>{if(e.key==='ArrowLeft'){e.preventDefault();showPhoto(photoIndex-1)}if(e.key==='ArrowRight'){e.preventDefault();showPhoto(photoIndex+1)}});let startX=0;stage.addEventListener('touchstart',e=>{startX=e.changedTouches[0].clientX},{passive:true});stage.addEventListener('touchend',e=>{if(zoomed)return;const delta=e.changedTouches[0].clientX-startX;if(Math.abs(delta)>70)showPhoto(photoIndex+(delta<0?1:-1))},{passive:true});\n\n\n\/\/ Click\/tap, keyboard and two-finger pinch zoom.\nlet imageScale=1,pinchDistance=0,pinchScale=1,lastPinch=0;\nfunction setImageScale(value){imageScale=Math.max(1,Math.min(4,value));zoomed=imageScale>1.02;stage.classList.toggle('is-zoomed',zoomed);large.style.width='';large.style.height='';if(zoomed){const ratio=large.naturalWidth\/large.naturalHeight||1;const fit=Math.min(stage.clientWidth,stage.clientHeight*ratio);large.style.width=(fit*imageScale)+'px';large.style.height='auto'}large.setAttribute('aria-label',zoomed?'Zoom out to fit image':'Zoom in on image')}\nlarge.tabIndex=0;large.setAttribute('role','button');large.setAttribute('aria-label','Zoom in on image');\nlarge.addEventListener('load',()=>setImageScale(1));\nfunction clickZoom(){if(Date.now()-lastPinch<500)return;setImageScale(zoomed?1:2);if(zoomed)requestAnimationFrame(()=>{stage.scrollLeft=(stage.scrollWidth-stage.clientWidth)\/2;stage.scrollTop=(stage.scrollHeight-stage.clientHeight)\/2})}\nlarge.addEventListener('click',clickZoom);large.addEventListener('keydown',e=>{if(e.key==='Enter'||e.key===' '){e.preventDefault();clickZoom()}});large.addEventListener('dragstart',e=>e.preventDefault());\nconst distance=t=>Math.hypot(t[0].clientX-t[1].clientX,t[0].clientY-t[1].clientY);\nstage.addEventListener('touchstart',e=>{if(e.touches.length===2){pinchDistance=distance(e.touches);pinchScale=imageScale;lastPinch=Date.now()}},{passive:true});\nstage.addEventListener('touchmove',e=>{if(e.touches.length===2&&pinchDistance){e.preventDefault();setImageScale(pinchScale*distance(e.touches)\/pinchDistance);lastPinch=Date.now()}},{passive:false});\nstage.addEventListener('touchend',e=>{if(pinchDistance){e.stopImmediatePropagation();lastPinch=Date.now();if(e.touches.length===0)pinchDistance=0}},true);\n\nlet busy=false,pinnedNavLink=null;function update(){busy=false;let top=0;['#wpadminbar','#masthead','.site-header'].forEach(sel=>{const e=document.querySelector(sel);if(!e)return;const st=getComputedStyle(e),r=e.getBoundingClientRect();if(st.position==='fixed'||st.position==='sticky'){if(r.top<=1){if(r.bottom>0)top=Math.max(top,r.bottom)}}});post.style.setProperty('--ua-editorial-top',top+'px');const offset=top+nav.getBoundingClientRect().height+18;post.style.setProperty('--ua-editorial-scroll',offset+'px');let index=0;targets.forEach((h,i)=>{if(h.getBoundingClientRect().top<=offset+30)index=i});Array.from(nav.children).forEach((a,i)=>{if(pinnedNavLink?a===pinnedNavLink:i===index)a.setAttribute('aria-current','location');else a.removeAttribute('aria-current')})}function schedule(){if(!busy){busy=true;requestAnimationFrame(update)}}window.addEventListener('scroll',schedule,{passive:true});window.addEventListener('resize',schedule);new ResizeObserver(schedule).observe(nav);nav.addEventListener('click',e=>{const a=e.target.closest('a');if(!a)return;const h=document.getElementById(a.hash.slice(1));if(!h)return;e.preventDefault();pinnedNavLink=a;update();h.scrollIntoView({behavior:matchMedia('(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce)').matches?'auto':'smooth',block:'start'});history.replaceState(null,'',a.hash);h.tabIndex=-1;h.focus({preventScroll:true})});function releaseNavSelection(e){if(e.type==='keydown'&&(!['ArrowUp','ArrowDown','PageUp','PageDown','Home','End',' '].includes(e.key)||e.target.closest('input,textarea,select,[contenteditable]')))return;if(e.type==='pointerdown'&&nav.contains(e.target))return;pinnedNavLink=null;schedule();}['wheel','touchstart','pointerdown','keydown'].forEach(type=>window.addEventListener(type,releaseNavSelection,{passive:true}));window.addEventListener('popstate',releaseNavSelection);window.addEventListener('hashchange',releaseNavSelection);update()}if(document.readyState==='loading')document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',init);else init()})();<\/script>\n\n\n<style>\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-related-content{clear:both;width:100%;margin:56px 0 0;padding:32px 0 0;border-top:1px solid #343b3f;box-sizing:border-box}\n.ua-refined .ua-related-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr));gap:24px}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-related-link{display:flex;flex-direction:column;border:1px solid #343b3f;border-radius:5px;background:#151a1d;overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none!important;color:#edf0f2!important;min-width:0}\n.ua-refined .ua-related-link:hover{border-color:#efad84}\n.ua-refined .ua-related-link:focus-visible{outline:2px solid #efad84;outline-offset:4px}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-related-link img{display:block;width:100%!important;height:auto!important;aspect-ratio:4\/3;object-fit:cover!important}\n.ua-refined .ua-related-copy{display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex:1;padding:20px}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-related-kind{font:12px\/1.4 Oxygen,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#efad84!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-related-content h3{font-size:21px!important;line-height:1.4!important;margin:10px 0 12px!important;text-transform:none!important;color:#edf0f2!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-related-copy p{font-size:15px!important;line-height:1.65!important;margin:0 0 20px!important;color:#bac2c6!important}\n.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-related-more{font-size:14px;color:#efad84!important;margin-top:auto}\n@media(max-width:767px){.ua-refined .ua-related-grid{grid-template-columns:none;grid-auto-flow:column;grid-auto-columns:86%;gap:16px;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;scroll-snap-type:x mandatory;scroll-padding-inline:4px;padding:4px 4px 12px;overscroll-behavior-x:contain;scrollbar-width:thin;scrollbar-color:#465056 transparent;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch}.ua-refined .ua-related-grid>.ua-related-link{scroll-snap-align:start}.ua-refined .entry-content .ua-related-link img{aspect-ratio:16\/10}}\n<\/style>\n<script>(()=>{function addRelated(){const config=document.querySelector('script.ua-editorial-config'),root=config?.closest('.entry-content'),post=root?.closest('article');if(!post||!post.classList.contains('ua-refined')||root.querySelector('.ua-related-content'))return;const cards={\"216\":{\"title\":\"OSC vs Mono From a City\",\"copy\":\"Compare colour and monochrome imaging from light-polluted skies.\",\"kind\":\"Article\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/osc-vs-mono-from-a-city\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg\"},\"314\":{\"title\":\"My Astrophotography Kit\",\"copy\":\"Explore the cameras, mounts and accessories in my setups.\",\"kind\":\"About\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/my-astrophotography-kit\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/MyAstroKit_1x1.jpg\"},\"317\":{\"title\":\"Useful Links and Resources\",\"copy\":\"Browse my collection of astrophotography resources.\",\"kind\":\"About\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/useful-links\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/SGL.jpg\"},\"320\":{\"title\":\"About Urban Astrophotography\",\"copy\":\"Meet the photographer and explore the site.\",\"kind\":\"About\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/overview\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/UrbanAstrophotographyLogo_1x1.jpg\"},\"325\":{\"title\":\"Getting Long Integration Times\",\"copy\":\"Read how I build up imaging time over multiple sessions.\",\"kind\":\"Article\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/how-to-get-long-integration-times\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/LongIntegration_1x1.jpg\"},\"327\":{\"title\":\"IDAS Light Pollution Filter Shootout\",\"copy\":\"Compare the IDAS LPS D1, P3 and D3 filters.\",\"kind\":\"Review\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/light-pollution-filter-shootout\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/LightPollutionFilterTest_1x1.jpg\"},\"425\":{\"title\":\"Top 10 Astrophotography Upgrades\",\"copy\":\"Explore the upgrades that have made a difference to my imaging.\",\"kind\":\"Article\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/top-10-upgrades\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Top10Upgrades_1x1.jpg\"},\"899\":{\"title\":\"Image Usage and Permissions\",\"copy\":\"Find out about using images from Urban Astrophotography.\",\"kind\":\"About\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/image-usage\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Copyright.png\"},\"1018\":{\"title\":\"A Beginner\u2019s Guide to Deep Sky Imaging\",\"copy\":\"Follow the process from capturing the sky to a finished photograph.\",\"kind\":\"Article\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/how-do-you-take-those-photos\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/HowDo_1x1.jpg\"},\"1096\":{\"title\":\"ASIAIR Plus\",\"copy\":\"Read my review of the astrophotography controller.\",\"kind\":\"Review\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/review-asiair-plus\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/ASIAIRPlus_1x1.jpg\"},\"1182\":{\"title\":\"DIY Flat Panel\",\"copy\":\"See how I built a light panel for taking calibration frames.\",\"kind\":\"Article\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/diy-flats-panel\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/DIYFlatsPanel_1x1.jpg\"},\"1236\":{\"title\":\"Cygnus Astro Telescope Cover\",\"copy\":\"Read my experience of protecting an outdoor telescope setup.\",\"kind\":\"Review\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/review-cygnus-astro-cover\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/CygnusAstro_1x1.jpg\"},\"1258\":{\"title\":\"ZWO ASI 2600MC Pro\",\"copy\":\"Explore my experience with this colour astronomy camera.\",\"kind\":\"Review\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/review-zwo-asi2600mc-pro\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/2600MCPro_1x1.jpg\"},\"1299\":{\"title\":\"Askar FRA400\",\"copy\":\"Read my review of the wide-field astrograph.\",\"kind\":\"Review\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/review-askar-fra400-f-5-6-quintuplet-apo-astrograph\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/001-November-03-2021-Askar-FRA400-DSC_2747-PULLEN.jpg\"},\"1350\":{\"title\":\"10 Controversial Opinions\",\"copy\":\"Explore my views on astrophotography processing and gear.\",\"kind\":\"Article\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/10-controversial-opinions\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/003-March-06-2021-Pier-web-resolution-DSC_6935-PULLEN.jpg\"},\"1381\":{\"title\":\"William Optics 32mm Uniguide\",\"copy\":\"Explore this compact guidescope.\",\"kind\":\"Review\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/review-william-optics-32mm-slide-base-uniguide-scope\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Uniguide_1x1.jpg\"},\"1400\":{\"title\":\"ZWO ASI 120MM Mini\",\"copy\":\"Read my review of the guide camera.\",\"kind\":\"Review\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/review-zwo-asi120mm-mini\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/ASI120MMMini_1x1.jpg\"},\"1444\":{\"title\":\"PixInsight\",\"copy\":\"Explore the astrophotography processing software.\",\"kind\":\"Review\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/review-pixinsight\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/PixInsight_1x1.jpg\"},\"1661\":{\"title\":\"Powering Your ASIAIR Setup\",\"copy\":\"Read my guide to running an imaging setup from mains electricity.\",\"kind\":\"Article\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/how-to-use-mains-power-for-your-asiair-plus\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/MainsPower_1x1.jpg\"},\"1745\":{\"title\":\"Askar 130PHQ\",\"copy\":\"Explore my experience with the telescope.\",\"kind\":\"Review\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/review-askar-130phq-flatfield-astrograph\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/MyAstroKit_1x1.jpg\"},\"1747\":{\"title\":\"Dualband Filter Shootout\",\"copy\":\"Compare L-eXtreme, L-Ultimate and Colour Magic 6nm filters.\",\"kind\":\"Review\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/dualband-filter-shootout-l-extreme-vs-l-ultimate-vs-colour-magic-6nm\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Dualband-shootout.jpg\"},\"1752\":{\"title\":\"Eagle Image Stacker\",\"copy\":\"Read my review of the image-stacking software.\",\"kind\":\"Review\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/review-eagle-image-stacker\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/EagleImageStacker_1x1.jpg\"},\"1754\":{\"title\":\"William Optics 50mm Guidescope\",\"copy\":\"Read my review of the ROTO Lock guidescope.\",\"kind\":\"Review\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/review-william-optics-50mm-guidescope-with-1-25-roto-lock\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/WOGuidescope_1x1.jpg\"},\"1834\":{\"title\":\"Talks and Presentations\",\"copy\":\"Explore my talks about astrophotography and the night sky.\",\"kind\":\"About\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/talks\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Talks_1x1.jpg\"},\"1852\":{\"title\":\"Framing Custom Targets With ASIAIR\",\"copy\":\"Plan the framing of your next astrophotography target.\",\"kind\":\"Article\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/asiair-guide-how-to-frame-custom-targets\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/CustomFraming_1x1_UAres.webp\"},\"1958\":{\"title\":\"Askar Colour Magic D1 & D2\",\"copy\":\"Explore my tests of the Ha\/OIII and SII\/OIII filters.\",\"kind\":\"Review\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/coming-soon-review-askar-colour-magic-d1-and-d2-duo-band-filters-ha-oiii-sii-oiii\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/AskarD1D2_1x1.jpg\"},\"2132\":{\"title\":\"Reprocessing Bonanza\",\"copy\":\"Compare before-and-after results from revisiting older images.\",\"kind\":\"Article\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/reprocessing-bonanza-2022-edition\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Reprocessing_Bonanza_2022_icon.jpg\"},\"2274\":{\"title\":\"The Astrophotography Planner\",\"copy\":\"Read my review of the custom digital edition.\",\"kind\":\"Review\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/coming-soon-review-the-astrophotography-planner-custom-digital-edition\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/AstrophotographyPlanner_1x1.jpg\"},\"2346\":{\"title\":\"BlurXTerminator\",\"copy\":\"Explore my experience with the image-processing tool.\",\"kind\":\"Review\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/review-blurxterminator\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/BlurXTerminator_1x1.jpg\"},\"2544\":{\"title\":\"PixInsight Pre-Processing Guide\",\"copy\":\"Work through calibration, registration and image integration.\",\"kind\":\"Article\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/pixinsight-guide-pre-processing\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/PixInsight-Guide-to-Preprocessing.jpg\"},\"2915\":{\"title\":\"ZWO Seestar S50\",\"copy\":\"Read my review of the smart telescope.\",\"kind\":\"Review\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/review-zwo-seestar-s50\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Seestar-UA-res-1x1-1.jpg\"},\"2953\":{\"title\":\"Seestar for Public Outreach\",\"copy\":\"Explore ideas for using a Seestar at astronomy events.\",\"kind\":\"Article\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/guide-to-using-a-seestar-s50-for-public-outreach\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Simple.jpg\"},\"3005\":{\"title\":\"ZWO Camera Repair Guide\",\"copy\":\"Follow my experience of sending a camera from the UK to China.\",\"kind\":\"Article\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/zwo-rma-sending-a-broken-camera-from-the-uk-to-china-for-repairs\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/Oil-leak-2-1.jpg\"},\"3025\":{\"title\":\"Optolong L-Quad Enhance\",\"copy\":\"Explore my tests of the light-pollution filter.\",\"kind\":\"Review\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/review-optolong-l-quad-enhance\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/LQEF.jpeg\"},\"3151\":{\"title\":\"Choosing a Filter for an OSC Camera\",\"copy\":\"Explore broadband and narrowband filter choices.\",\"kind\":\"Article\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/guide-which-filter-should-i-use-with-my-osc-camera\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/001-March-19-2024-FilterChoice_1x1-LEE-PULLEN-PHOTOGRAPHY.jpg\"},\"3180\":{\"title\":\"PixInsight IntegerResample\",\"copy\":\"Read about when to bin your astrophotography data.\",\"kind\":\"Article\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/pixinsight-guide-integerresample-knowing-when-to-bin-your-data\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IntegerResample_1x1.jpg\"},\"5424\":{\"title\":\"Askar E2 vs D2\",\"copy\":\"Compare the two SII\/OIII filters.\",\"kind\":\"Review\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/review-askar-colour-magic-e2-sii-oiii-filter-e2-vs-d2\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/v2_E2_starless-3.jpg\"},\"9780\":{\"title\":\"Immersed in Starlight\",\"copy\":\"Explore my astrophotography exhibition.\",\"kind\":\"Article\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/exhibition-immersed-in-starlight\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Immersed_1x1_UAres.webp\"},\"11623\":{\"title\":\"ZWO ASI 220MM Mini\",\"copy\":\"Read my review of the guide camera.\",\"kind\":\"Review\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/review-zwo-asi-220mm-mini\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/ZWO220MMUAres_1x1.webp\"},\"11624\":{\"title\":\"Askar M54 Off-Axis Guider\",\"copy\":\"Explore the off-axis guider in my setup.\",\"kind\":\"Review\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/review-askar-m54-off-axis-guider\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/AskarOAG_UAres_1x1.webp\"},\"11654\":{\"title\":\"StellarDrive X 6R PRO\",\"copy\":\"See how the mount performs in my imaging setup.\",\"kind\":\"Review\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/review-stellardrive-x-6r-pro-mount-darkframe-optics\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/001-Stellardrive-UAres_1x1-16-Jan-2026-NZ8_5637-LEE-PULLEN-PHOTOGRAPHY.webp\"},\"13036\":{\"title\":\"Svbony SV535\",\"copy\":\"Explore my review of the 105mm f\/2.8 astrograph.\",\"kind\":\"Review\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/review-svbony-sv535-105mm-f-2-8-astrograph\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Svbony535_UAres_1x1.webp\"}},map={\"216\":[1258,3151,325],\"314\":[11654,11624,1258],\"317\":[1018,2544,2274],\"320\":[314,1018,1834],\"325\":[1096,1661,2274],\"327\":[3025,3151,1747],\"425\":[314,11654,2346],\"899\":[9780,320,1834],\"957\":[2544,3180,2346],\"1018\":[314,216,3151],\"1096\":[1661,1852,325],\"1182\":[2544,425,314],\"1236\":[314,1661,325],\"1258\":[216,3151,3005],\"1299\":[1745,13036,1381],\"1350\":[216,3180,425],\"1381\":[1400,1754,11624],\"1400\":[11623,1381,1754],\"1444\":[2544,2346,3180],\"1661\":[1096,314,325],\"1745\":[1299,13036,11624],\"1747\":[1958,5424,3151],\"1752\":[2544,1444,2132],\"1754\":[1381,11623,11624],\"1834\":[9780,2953,320],\"1852\":[1096,2274,2953],\"1958\":[5424,1747,3151],\"2132\":[2346,1444,2544],\"2274\":[1852,325,1018],\"2346\":[1444,3180,2132],\"2544\":[1444,1182,3180],\"2610\":[1958,5424,2544],\"2915\":[2953,1018,1852],\"2953\":[2915,1834,1018],\"3005\":[1258,11623,314],\"3025\":[327,3151,1747],\"3151\":[1747,3025,1958],\"3180\":[2544,2346,1258],\"5424\":[1958,1747,3151],\"9780\":[1834,899,320],\"11623\":[11624,1400,11654],\"11624\":[11623,1754,11654],\"11654\":[11624,11623,314],\"13036\":[1299,1745,1258]},id=post.id.replace('post-',''),items=map[id];if(!items)return;const section=document.createElement('section');section.id='related-content';section.className='ua-related-content';section.setAttribute('aria-labelledby','ua-related-heading');const heading=document.createElement('h2');heading.id='ua-related-heading';heading.textContent='Related content';const grid=document.createElement('div');grid.className='ua-related-grid';section.append(heading,grid);items.forEach(key=>{const item=cards[key],a=document.createElement('a'),img=document.createElement('img'),body=document.createElement('div'),kind=document.createElement('span'),title=document.createElement('h3'),copy=document.createElement('p'),more=document.createElement('span');a.className='ua-related-link';a.href=item.href;img.src=item.src;img.alt='';img.loading='lazy';img.decoding='async';img.width=800;img.height=600;body.className='ua-related-copy';kind.className='ua-related-kind';kind.textContent=item.kind;title.textContent=item.title;copy.textContent=id==='11623'&&key===1400?'Read my review of the other guide camera in the comparison.':item.copy;more.className='ua-related-more';more.textContent=item.kind==='Review'?'Read review \u2192':item.kind==='Article'?'Read article \u2192':'Explore \u2192';body.append(kind,title,copy,more);a.append(img,body);grid.append(a)});const footer=root.querySelector('.ua-editorial-footer');if(footer)footer.before(section);else root.append(section);post.closest('main')?.querySelector('nav.post-navigation')?.remove();}if(document.readyState==='loading')document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',addRelated);else addRelated();})();<\/script>\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/json\" class=\"ua-editorial-config\">{\"kind\": \"Articles\", \"route\": \"articles\", \"main\": [[0, \"Introduction\"], [1, \"The basics\"], [4, \"Cost\"], [5, \"Acquisition\"], [6, \"Versatility\"], [7, \"Image quality\"], [8, \"Fun factor\"], [9, \"Verdict\"], [10, \"Equipment\"]], \"id\": 216}<\/script>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull wp-duotone-unset-1\" style=\"min-height:500px;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"880\" height=\"880\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-2506 size-full\" alt=\"Telescope set up in a city garden\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?resize=880%2C880&#038;ssl=1\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?w=2048&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?resize=1024%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?resize=768%2C768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?resize=1536%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?resize=500%2C500&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?resize=800%2C800&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?resize=1280%2C1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?resize=1920%2C1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?w=1760&amp;ssl=1 1760w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 880px) 100vw, 880px\" \/><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-eighty-black-background-color has-background-dim-60 has-background-dim\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-cover-is-layout-constrained\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_e742d8-73, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_e742d8-73[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_e742d8-73\"]{text-align:center;font-size:var(--global-kb-font-size-xxl, 4rem);font-style:normal;text-shadow:0px 3px 6px #000000;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_e742d8-73 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_e742d8-73[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_e742d8-73\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_e742d8-73 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_e742d8-73[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_e742d8-73\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_e742d8-73, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_e742d8-73[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_e742d8-73\"]{text-shadow:0px 3px 6px #000000;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_e742d8-73, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_e742d8-73[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_e742d8-73\"]{text-shadow:0px 3px 6px #000000;}}<\/style>\n<h1 class=\"kt-adv-heading216_e742d8-73 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_e742d8-73\"><strong><strong>OSC vs Mono Astrophotography From a City: Which Works Best?<\/strong><\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_11e391-1e, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_11e391-1e[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_11e391-1e\"]{text-align:center;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-family:Oxygen;text-shadow:1px 1px 6px #000000;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_11e391-1e mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_11e391-1e[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_11e391-1e\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_11e391-1e img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_11e391-1e[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_11e391-1e\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_11e391-1e, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_11e391-1e[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_11e391-1e\"]{text-shadow:1px 1px 6px #000000;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_11e391-1e, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_11e391-1e[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_11e391-1e\"]{text-shadow:1px 1px 6px #000000;}}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading216_11e391-1e wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_11e391-1e\">First published June 2021<br>Last updated January 2026<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-216_50e6f6-99 .kt-block-spacer{height:6px;}.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-216_50e6f6-99 .kt-divider{border-top-width:2px;border-top-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.60);width:30%;border-top-style:solid;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-spacer aligncenter kt-block-spacer-216_50e6f6-99\"><div class=\"kt-block-spacer kt-block-spacer-halign-center\"><hr class=\"kt-divider\"\/><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id216_d07373-61{margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);}.kb-row-layout-id216_d07373-61 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id216_d07373-61 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id216_d07373-61 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-none, 0rem );max-width:900px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, calc(30% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem) * 1 )\/2)))minmax(0, calc(70% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem) * 1 )\/2)));}.kb-row-layout-id216_d07373-61{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;overflow:clip;isolation:isolate;}.kb-row-layout-id216_d07373-61 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kb-row-layout-id216_d07373-61 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}.kb-row-layout-id216_d07373-61 ,.kb-row-layout-id216_d07373-61 h1,.kb-row-layout-id216_d07373-61 h2,.kb-row-layout-id216_d07373-61 h3,.kb-row-layout-id216_d07373-61 h4,.kb-row-layout-id216_d07373-61 h5,.kb-row-layout-id216_d07373-61 h6{color:#ffffff;}.kb-row-layout-id216_d07373-61 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:100px;}.kb-row-layout-id216_d07373-61 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:100%;}.kb-row-layout-id216_d07373-61 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{fill:#ffffff!important;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_d07373-61 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_d07373-61 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_d07373-61 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id216_d07373-61 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id216_d07373-61 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}.kb-row-layout-id216_d07373-61 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id216_d07373-61 alignnone has-eighty-black-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\" id=\"intro\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-2-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column216_d9ad05-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column216_d9ad05-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column216_d9ad05-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column216_d9ad05-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column216_d9ad05-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column216_d9ad05-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column216_d9ad05-cd{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column216_d9ad05-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column216_d9ad05-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column216_d9ad05-cd\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn.kb-btns216_dc8cc0-d5{padding-top:6px;gap:3px;flex-direction:row;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:center;}.kt-btns216_dc8cc0-d5 .kt-button{font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;}.kt-btns216_dc8cc0-d5 .kt-btn-wrap-0{margin-right:5px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn.kt-btns216_dc8cc0-d5 .kt-btn-wrap-0 .kt-button{color:#555555;border-color:#555555;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn.kt-btns216_dc8cc0-d5 .kt-btn-wrap-0 .kt-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn.kt-btns216_dc8cc0-d5 .kt-btn-wrap-0 .kt-button:focus{color:#ffffff;border-color:#444444;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn.kt-btns216_dc8cc0-d5 .kt-btn-wrap-0 .kt-button::before{display:none;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn.kt-btns216_dc8cc0-d5 .kt-btn-wrap-0 .kt-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn.kt-btns216_dc8cc0-d5 .kt-btn-wrap-0 .kt-button:focus{background:#444444;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn.kb-btns216_dc8cc0-d5{justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"toc-rail wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn kb-buttons-wrap kb-btns216_dc8cc0-d5\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_f66415-3d.kb-button, ul.menu .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_f66415-3d.kb-button{width:210px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_f66415-3d.kb-button{color:#ffffff;background:#363636;font-size:15px;line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:-0.01px;font-family:Oxygen;font-weight:400;text-transform:none;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_f66415-3d.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_f66415-3d.kb-button:focus{color:#ffffff;background:#363636;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_f66415-3d.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_f66415-3d.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_f66415-3d.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_f66415-3d.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_f66415-3d.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_f66415-3d.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}<\/style><a class=\"kb-button kt-button button kb-btn216_f66415-3d kt-btn-size-small kt-btn-width-type-fixed kb-btn-global-fill kt-btn-has-text-true kt-btn-has-svg-false wp-block-kadence-singlebtn\" href=\"#intro\"><span class=\"kt-btn-inner-text\"><strong>Contents<\/strong><\/span><\/a>\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_6eafa3-02.kb-button, ul.menu .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_6eafa3-02.kb-button{width:210px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_6eafa3-02.kb-button{color:#e0e0e0;background:rgba(0,0,0,0);font-size:15px;line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:-0.01px;font-family:Oxygen;font-weight:400;text-transform:none;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_6eafa3-02.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_6eafa3-02.kb-button:focus{color:#ffffff;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.08);border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_6eafa3-02.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_6eafa3-02.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_6eafa3-02.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_6eafa3-02.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_6eafa3-02.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_6eafa3-02.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}<\/style><a class=\"kb-button kt-button button kb-btn216_6eafa3-02 kt-btn-size-small kt-btn-width-type-fixed kb-btn-global-fill kt-btn-has-text-true kt-btn-has-svg-false wp-block-kadence-singlebtn\" href=\"#definitions\"><span class=\"kt-btn-inner-text\">Definitions<\/span><\/a>\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_25cd6e-ad.kb-button, ul.menu .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_25cd6e-ad.kb-button{width:210px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_25cd6e-ad.kb-button{color:#e0e0e0;background:rgba(0,0,0,0);font-size:15px;line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:-0.01px;font-family:Oxygen;font-weight:400;text-transform:none;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_25cd6e-ad.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_25cd6e-ad.kb-button:focus{color:#ffffff;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.08);border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_25cd6e-ad.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_25cd6e-ad.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_25cd6e-ad.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_25cd6e-ad.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_25cd6e-ad.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_25cd6e-ad.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}<\/style><a class=\"kb-button kt-button button kb-btn216_25cd6e-ad kt-btn-size-small kt-btn-width-type-fixed kb-btn-global-fill kt-btn-has-text-true kt-btn-has-svg-false wp-block-kadence-singlebtn\" href=\"#benefits-of-mono\"><span class=\"kt-btn-inner-text\">Benefits of Mono<\/span><\/a>\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_a1b30b-98.kb-button, ul.menu .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_a1b30b-98.kb-button{width:210px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_a1b30b-98.kb-button{color:#e0e0e0;background:rgba(0,0,0,0);font-size:15px;line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:-0.01px;font-family:Oxygen;font-weight:400;text-transform:none;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_a1b30b-98.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_a1b30b-98.kb-button:focus{color:#ffffff;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.08);border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_a1b30b-98.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_a1b30b-98.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_a1b30b-98.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_a1b30b-98.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_a1b30b-98.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_a1b30b-98.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}<\/style><a class=\"kb-button kt-button button kb-btn216_a1b30b-98 kt-btn-size-small kt-btn-width-type-fixed kb-btn-global-fill kt-btn-has-text-true kt-btn-has-svg-false wp-block-kadence-singlebtn\" href=\"#osc-dualband\"><span class=\"kt-btn-inner-text\">OSC dualband filters<\/span><\/a>\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_b3be86-62.kb-button, ul.menu .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_b3be86-62.kb-button{width:210px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_b3be86-62.kb-button{color:#e0e0e0;background:rgba(0,0,0,0);font-size:15px;line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:-0.01px;font-family:Oxygen;font-weight:400;text-transform:none;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_b3be86-62.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_b3be86-62.kb-button:focus{color:#ffffff;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.08);border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_b3be86-62.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_b3be86-62.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_b3be86-62.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_b3be86-62.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_b3be86-62.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_b3be86-62.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}<\/style><a class=\"kb-button kt-button button kb-btn216_b3be86-62 kt-btn-size-small kt-btn-width-type-fixed kb-btn-global-fill kt-btn-has-text-true kt-btn-has-svg-false wp-block-kadence-singlebtn\" href=\"#1\"><span class=\"kt-btn-inner-text\">1. Cost\u00a0<\/span><\/a>\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_33c790-cd.kb-button, ul.menu .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_33c790-cd.kb-button{width:210px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_33c790-cd.kb-button{color:#e0e0e0;background:rgba(0,0,0,0);font-size:15px;line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:-0.01px;font-family:Oxygen;font-weight:400;text-transform:none;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_33c790-cd.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_33c790-cd.kb-button:focus{color:#ffffff;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.08);border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_33c790-cd.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_33c790-cd.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_33c790-cd.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_33c790-cd.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_33c790-cd.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_33c790-cd.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}<\/style><a class=\"kb-button kt-button button kb-btn216_33c790-cd kt-btn-size-small kt-btn-width-type-fixed kb-btn-global-fill kt-btn-has-text-true kt-btn-has-svg-false wp-block-kadence-singlebtn\" href=\"#2\"><span class=\"kt-btn-inner-text\">2. Data acquisition<\/span><\/a>\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_f3028b-bf.kb-button, ul.menu .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_f3028b-bf.kb-button{width:210px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_f3028b-bf.kb-button{color:#e0e0e0;background:rgba(0,0,0,0);font-size:15px;line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:-0.01px;font-family:Oxygen;font-weight:400;text-transform:none;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_f3028b-bf.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_f3028b-bf.kb-button:focus{color:#ffffff;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.08);border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_f3028b-bf.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_f3028b-bf.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_f3028b-bf.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_f3028b-bf.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_f3028b-bf.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_f3028b-bf.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}<\/style><a class=\"kb-button kt-button button kb-btn216_f3028b-bf kt-btn-size-small kt-btn-width-type-fixed kb-btn-global-fill kt-btn-has-text-true kt-btn-has-svg-false wp-block-kadence-singlebtn\" href=\"#3\"><span class=\"kt-btn-inner-text\">3. Versatility<\/span><\/a>\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_4fe4ca-4a.kb-button, ul.menu .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_4fe4ca-4a.kb-button{width:210px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_4fe4ca-4a.kb-button{color:#e0e0e0;background:rgba(0,0,0,0);font-size:15px;line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:-0.01px;font-family:Oxygen;font-weight:400;text-transform:none;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_4fe4ca-4a.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_4fe4ca-4a.kb-button:focus{color:#ffffff;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.08);border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_4fe4ca-4a.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_4fe4ca-4a.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_4fe4ca-4a.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_4fe4ca-4a.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_4fe4ca-4a.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_4fe4ca-4a.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}<\/style><a class=\"kb-button kt-button button kb-btn216_4fe4ca-4a kt-btn-size-small kt-btn-width-type-fixed kb-btn-global-fill kt-btn-has-text-true kt-btn-has-svg-false wp-block-kadence-singlebtn\" href=\"#4\"><span class=\"kt-btn-inner-text\">4. Image quality<\/span><\/a>\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_32dbf8-13.kb-button, ul.menu .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_32dbf8-13.kb-button{width:210px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_32dbf8-13.kb-button{color:#e0e0e0;background:rgba(0,0,0,0);font-size:15px;line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:-0.01px;font-family:Oxygen;font-weight:400;text-transform:none;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_32dbf8-13.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_32dbf8-13.kb-button:focus{color:#ffffff;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.08);border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_32dbf8-13.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_32dbf8-13.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_32dbf8-13.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_32dbf8-13.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_32dbf8-13.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_32dbf8-13.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}<\/style><a class=\"kb-button kt-button button kb-btn216_32dbf8-13 kt-btn-size-small kt-btn-width-type-fixed kb-btn-global-fill kt-btn-has-text-true kt-btn-has-svg-false wp-block-kadence-singlebtn\" href=\"#5\"><span class=\"kt-btn-inner-text\">5. Fun factor<\/span><\/a>\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_c414d7-49.kb-button, ul.menu .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_c414d7-49.kb-button{width:210px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_c414d7-49.kb-button{color:#e0e0e0;background:rgba(0,0,0,0);font-size:15px;line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:-0.01px;font-family:Oxygen;font-weight:400;text-transform:none;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_c414d7-49.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_c414d7-49.kb-button:focus{color:#ffffff;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.08);border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_c414d7-49.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_c414d7-49.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_c414d7-49.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_c414d7-49.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_c414d7-49.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_c414d7-49.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}<\/style><a class=\"kb-button kt-button button kb-btn216_c414d7-49 kt-btn-size-small kt-btn-width-type-fixed kb-btn-global-fill kt-btn-has-text-true kt-btn-has-svg-false wp-block-kadence-singlebtn\" href=\"#what-should-i-choose\"><span class=\"kt-btn-inner-text\">What should I choose?!<\/span><\/a>\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_db2896-d4.kb-button, ul.menu .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_db2896-d4.kb-button{width:210px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_db2896-d4.kb-button{color:#e0e0e0;background:rgba(0,0,0,0);font-size:15px;line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:-0.01px;font-family:Oxygen;font-weight:400;text-transform:none;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_db2896-d4.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_db2896-d4.kb-button:focus{color:#ffffff;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.08);border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_db2896-d4.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_db2896-d4.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_db2896-d4.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_db2896-d4.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_db2896-d4.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn216_db2896-d4.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}<\/style><a class=\"kb-button kt-button button kb-btn216_db2896-d4 kt-btn-size-small kt-btn-width-type-fixed kb-btn-global-fill kt-btn-has-text-true kt-btn-has-svg-false wp-block-kadence-singlebtn\" href=\"#where-to-buy\"><span class=\"kt-btn-inner-text\">Where to buy<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column216_3b6cf4-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column216_3b6cf4-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column216_3b6cf4-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column216_3b6cf4-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column216_3b6cf4-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column216_3b6cf4-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column216_3b6cf4-b6{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column216_3b6cf4-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column216_3b6cf4-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column216_3b6cf4-b6\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_c3ddc7-6c, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_c3ddc7-6c[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_c3ddc7-6c\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_c3ddc7-6c mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_c3ddc7-6c[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_c3ddc7-6c\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_c3ddc7-6c img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_c3ddc7-6c[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_c3ddc7-6c\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 class=\"kt-adv-heading216_c3ddc7-6c wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_c3ddc7-6c\">Intro<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you\u2019re an astrophotographer based in a city and are looking to buy a dedicated camera for imaging deep sky objects such as galaxies and nebulae, one decision quickly becomes unavoidable: One Shot Colour or Mono. Perhaps you\u2019ve been using a DSLR and want to take the next step, or maybe you\u2019re starting out with specialist equipment from the beginning. Either way, the OSC versus Mono debate is hard to avoid, especially on astronomy forums where Mono is often presented as the only serious option for urban imaging.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Until recently, I would have agreed. I spent years imaging from a city location using a Mono camera. But I\u2019ve since switched to OSC, which is a relatively uncommon move in astrophotography. In this article, I share my reasons for doing so and offer a fair comparison of the strengths and limitations of both camera types, based on practical experience of using each from a light polluted urban environment. We\u2019ll start with a brief overview of the basics, before digging into how these choices play out in real world city imaging.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id216_5fe15b-8d{margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);}.kb-row-layout-id216_5fe15b-8d > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id216_5fe15b-8d > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id216_5fe15b-8d > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-none, 0rem );max-width:900px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id216_5fe15b-8d{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;overflow:clip;isolation:isolate;}.kb-row-layout-id216_5fe15b-8d > .kt-row-layout-overlay{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kb-row-layout-id216_5fe15b-8d > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}.kb-row-layout-id216_5fe15b-8d ,.kb-row-layout-id216_5fe15b-8d h1,.kb-row-layout-id216_5fe15b-8d h2,.kb-row-layout-id216_5fe15b-8d h3,.kb-row-layout-id216_5fe15b-8d h4,.kb-row-layout-id216_5fe15b-8d h5,.kb-row-layout-id216_5fe15b-8d h6{color:#ffffff;}.kb-row-layout-id216_5fe15b-8d .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:100px;}.kb-row-layout-id216_5fe15b-8d .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:100%;}.kb-row-layout-id216_5fe15b-8d .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{fill:#ffffff!important;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_5fe15b-8d > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_5fe15b-8d .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_5fe15b-8d .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id216_5fe15b-8d > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id216_5fe15b-8d .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}.kb-row-layout-id216_5fe15b-8d .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id216_5fe15b-8d alignnone has-eighty-black-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column216_dbfe50-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column216_dbfe50-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column216_dbfe50-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column216_dbfe50-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column216_dbfe50-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column216_dbfe50-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column216_dbfe50-b6{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column216_dbfe50-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column216_dbfe50-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column216_dbfe50-b6\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_fdf0e0-6f, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_fdf0e0-6f[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_fdf0e0-6f\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_fdf0e0-6f mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_fdf0e0-6f[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_fdf0e0-6f\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_fdf0e0-6f img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_fdf0e0-6f[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_fdf0e0-6f\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 id=\"definitions\" class=\"kt-adv-heading216_fdf0e0-6f wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_fdf0e0-6f\">Definitions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\"><strong>OSC<\/strong>&nbsp;stands for One Shot Colour. This type of camera allows you to capture full colour images in single shots \u2014 hence the name. They\u2019re convenient and give good colour images with a minimum of hassle. Note than when using an OSC camera for astrophotography you should take lots of photos and integrate (also called stacking) them to get a good final result. The \u201cone shot\u201d aspect of the camera is to get a simple colour image, not an awesome final picture.<br><br><strong>Mono<\/strong>&nbsp;cameras work differently. Instead of making colour images, they see in monochrome (i.e. black and white). To get colour images from them you need to put filters in front of the camera sensor. To make an image like an OSC manages in one shot, you\u2019d put a red filter in front of your camera sensor and take a photo; then put a green filter in front of your camera sensor and take a photo; then put a blue filter in front of your camera sensor and take a photo; then digitally combine them all to make a final Red Green Blue (RGB) image. As with OSC cameras, you need to take lots of images and then integrate them to get a good image that you can then go onto edit.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6aafc6910dd1c&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6aafc6910dd1c\" class=\"wp-block-image wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1367\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/37969858586_b511e8bd9f_o1.jpg?resize=1440%2C961\" alt=\"Telescope set up in a city garden\" class=\"wp-image-817\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/37969858586_b511e8bd9f_o1.jpg?w=2048&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/37969858586_b511e8bd9f_o1.jpg?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/37969858586_b511e8bd9f_o1.jpg?resize=1024%2C684&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/37969858586_b511e8bd9f_o1.jpg?resize=768%2C513&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/37969858586_b511e8bd9f_o1.jpg?resize=1536%2C1025&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/37969858586_b511e8bd9f_o1.jpg?resize=500%2C334&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/37969858586_b511e8bd9f_o1.jpg?resize=800%2C534&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/37969858586_b511e8bd9f_o1.jpg?resize=1280%2C854&amp;ssl=1 1280w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/37969858586_b511e8bd9f_o1.jpg?resize=1920%2C1282&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/37969858586_b511e8bd9f_o1.jpg?w=1760&amp;ssl=1 1760w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 880px) 100vw, 880px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The red cylinder at the back of the telescope is my old Mono camera (an ASI1600MM). The large black circular device right next to it is a motorised filter wheel, containing lots of different filters.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id216_60ffcd-1f{margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);}.kb-row-layout-id216_60ffcd-1f > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id216_60ffcd-1f > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id216_60ffcd-1f > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-none, 0rem );max-width:900px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id216_60ffcd-1f{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;overflow:clip;isolation:isolate;}.kb-row-layout-id216_60ffcd-1f > .kt-row-layout-overlay{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kb-row-layout-id216_60ffcd-1f > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}.kb-row-layout-id216_60ffcd-1f ,.kb-row-layout-id216_60ffcd-1f h1,.kb-row-layout-id216_60ffcd-1f h2,.kb-row-layout-id216_60ffcd-1f h3,.kb-row-layout-id216_60ffcd-1f h4,.kb-row-layout-id216_60ffcd-1f h5,.kb-row-layout-id216_60ffcd-1f h6{color:#ffffff;}.kb-row-layout-id216_60ffcd-1f .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:100px;}.kb-row-layout-id216_60ffcd-1f .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:100%;}.kb-row-layout-id216_60ffcd-1f .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{fill:#ffffff!important;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_60ffcd-1f > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_60ffcd-1f .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_60ffcd-1f .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id216_60ffcd-1f > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id216_60ffcd-1f .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}.kb-row-layout-id216_60ffcd-1f .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id216_60ffcd-1f alignnone has-eighty-black-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column216_f1bcbe-04 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column216_f1bcbe-04 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column216_f1bcbe-04 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column216_f1bcbe-04 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column216_f1bcbe-04 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column216_f1bcbe-04 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column216_f1bcbe-04{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column216_f1bcbe-04 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column216_f1bcbe-04 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column216_f1bcbe-04\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_f5c8c5-79, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_f5c8c5-79[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_f5c8c5-79\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_f5c8c5-79 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_f5c8c5-79[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_f5c8c5-79\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_f5c8c5-79 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_f5c8c5-79[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_f5c8c5-79\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 id=\"benefits-of-mono\" class=\"kt-adv-heading216_f5c8c5-79 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_f5c8c5-79\">Benefits of Mono<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Those brief descriptions make it sound like going for an OSC camera is a no-brainer, but actually most astrophotographers choose Mono, and for good reasons. Although it\u2019s more hassle to put all those filters in front of your camera sensor, in principle you can get a higher quality final image in the end. One reason for this is that OSC cameras tend to record lots of green light (simulating how our eyes work), but there\u2019s not that much green in space, so for astro work that\u2019s a bit of a waste. Mono also lets you shoot Luminance data, which adds to image quality and lets you create LRGB images.<br><br>But perhaps the biggest benefit of Mono is that you\u2019re not restricted to gathering RGB data \u2014 you can use special filters that only allow very specific wavelengths of light through to your sensor. These are called narrowband filters. Prime examples are filters for Sulphur II, Hydrogen-alpha (H\u03b1<\/span>)<span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\">, and Oxygen III, often abbreviated to SHO. This is the Holy Trinity for astrophotographers because lots of astronomical objects like nebulae are almost invisible in RGB, but shine brightly in SHO.<br><br>Very helpfully for us urban astrophotographers, those SHO narrowband wavelengths are in a different part of the spectrum to the light pollution that we have in cities, so in effect our SHO filters allow us to see right through bright urban skies. It\u2019s like flicking a switch and turning off all the streetlights.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6aafc6910e5a9&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6aafc6910e5a9\" class=\"wp-block-image wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1548\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/NGC-7000-TIFF.jpg?resize=1440%2C1088\" alt=\"Nebula\" class=\"wp-image-818\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/NGC-7000-TIFF.jpg?w=2048&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/NGC-7000-TIFF.jpg?resize=300%2C227&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/NGC-7000-TIFF.jpg?resize=1024%2C774&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/NGC-7000-TIFF.jpg?resize=768%2C581&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/NGC-7000-TIFF.jpg?resize=1536%2C1161&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/NGC-7000-TIFF.jpg?resize=500%2C378&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/NGC-7000-TIFF.jpg?resize=800%2C605&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/NGC-7000-TIFF.jpg?resize=1280%2C968&amp;ssl=1 1280w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/NGC-7000-TIFF.jpg?resize=1920%2C1451&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/NGC-7000-TIFF.jpg?w=1760&amp;ssl=1 1760w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 880px) 100vw, 880px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">This photo of a nebula was taken from Bristol city centre using a Mono camera and SHO filters. The narrowband filters essentially side-step light pollution.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As a side-note, objects like galaxies and star clusters give out most of their light in RGB rather than SHO. Getting good images of them from a city is a real challenge, regardless of whether you\u2019re using an OSC or Mono camera.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id216_58caee-75{margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);}.kb-row-layout-id216_58caee-75 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id216_58caee-75 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id216_58caee-75 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-none, 0rem );max-width:900px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id216_58caee-75{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;overflow:clip;isolation:isolate;}.kb-row-layout-id216_58caee-75 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kb-row-layout-id216_58caee-75 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}.kb-row-layout-id216_58caee-75 ,.kb-row-layout-id216_58caee-75 h1,.kb-row-layout-id216_58caee-75 h2,.kb-row-layout-id216_58caee-75 h3,.kb-row-layout-id216_58caee-75 h4,.kb-row-layout-id216_58caee-75 h5,.kb-row-layout-id216_58caee-75 h6{color:#ffffff;}.kb-row-layout-id216_58caee-75 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:100px;}.kb-row-layout-id216_58caee-75 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:100%;}.kb-row-layout-id216_58caee-75 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{fill:#ffffff!important;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_58caee-75 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_58caee-75 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_58caee-75 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id216_58caee-75 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id216_58caee-75 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}.kb-row-layout-id216_58caee-75 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id216_58caee-75 alignnone has-eighty-black-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column216_c5c8b5-1b > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column216_c5c8b5-1b > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column216_c5c8b5-1b > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column216_c5c8b5-1b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column216_c5c8b5-1b > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column216_c5c8b5-1b > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column216_c5c8b5-1b{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column216_c5c8b5-1b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column216_c5c8b5-1b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column216_c5c8b5-1b\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_50283a-0f, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_50283a-0f[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_50283a-0f\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_50283a-0f mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_50283a-0f[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_50283a-0f\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_50283a-0f img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_50283a-0f[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_50283a-0f\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 id=\"osc-dualband\" class=\"kt-adv-heading216_50283a-0f wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_50283a-0f\">OSC dualband filters<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Now we\u2019ve gone from thinking that OSC is the obvious choice to being convinced that Mono is clearly best, and actually essential if you\u2019ve got light-polluted city skies. This was the case until recently, and is what a lot of astroimagers still think. But now OSC, our urban astrophotography underdog, has a secret weapon: dual-band filters.<br><br>Just as Mono imagers have access to loads of great narrowband filters, dual-band filters offer similar for OSC imagers. These dualband filters come in two main varieties: <span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\">H\u03b1\/OIII<\/span><\/span> (e.g. <span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\"><a href=\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/dualband-filter-shootout-l-extreme-vs-l-ultimate-vs-colour-magic-6nm\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Optolong L-Ultimate<\/a><\/span>) and SII\/OIII (e.g. <a href=\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/review-askar-colour-magic-e2-sii-oiii-filter-e2-vs-d2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Askar E2<\/a>). Each of these filters lets you capture two of the Holy Trinity wavelengths simultaneously.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\"><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\">H\u03b1\/OIII<\/span><\/span> dualband filters are most common, because <span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\"><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\">H\u03b1<\/span><\/span>-rich nebulae are plentiful. You can create some really striking images just using one of those filters. They may not be as scientifically accurate as a full Mono SHO set-up, but it&#8217;s hugely cheaper and a fair bit easier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6aafc6910ee35&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6aafc6910ee35\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"880\" height=\"587\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/v3_Pickering_UAres_watermarked.jpg?resize=880%2C587&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Pickering's Triangle, photographed from a city\" class=\"wp-image-8121\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/v3_Pickering_UAres_watermarked.jpg?resize=1024%2C683&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/v3_Pickering_UAres_watermarked.jpg?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/v3_Pickering_UAres_watermarked.jpg?resize=768%2C512&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/v3_Pickering_UAres_watermarked.jpg?resize=1536%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/v3_Pickering_UAres_watermarked.jpg?resize=2048%2C1366&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/v3_Pickering_UAres_watermarked.jpg?resize=500%2C333&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/v3_Pickering_UAres_watermarked.jpg?resize=800%2C533&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/v3_Pickering_UAres_watermarked.jpg?resize=1280%2C854&amp;ssl=1 1280w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/v3_Pickering_UAres_watermarked.jpg?resize=1920%2C1280&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/v3_Pickering_UAres_watermarked.jpg?w=1760&amp;ssl=1 1760w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 880px) 100vw, 880px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Is this photo, also taken from Bristol city centre, OSC or Mono? Hard to tell..? (It\u2019s OSC with a single H\u03b1\/OIII dualband filter.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Then, if you&#8217;re very keen, you could go on to add an SII\/OIII filter to your collection. During processing you can combine the SII\/OIII with <span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\"><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\">H\u03b1\/OIII<\/span><\/span> data, and create a full SHO image. <span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\">The result isn\u2019t as scientifically accurate as you\u2019d get with Mono plus SHO filters, but it<\/span>&#8216;s not far off, and can look great.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6aafc6910f21a&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6aafc6910f21a\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"880\" height=\"582\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/v1_Pelican_UAres_watermarked.jpg?resize=880%2C582&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"The Pelican Nebula, photographed from a city\" class=\"wp-image-5907\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/v1_Pelican_UAres_watermarked.jpg?resize=1024%2C677&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/v1_Pelican_UAres_watermarked.jpg?resize=300%2C198&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/v1_Pelican_UAres_watermarked.jpg?resize=768%2C508&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/v1_Pelican_UAres_watermarked.jpg?resize=1536%2C1015&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/v1_Pelican_UAres_watermarked.jpg?resize=2048%2C1354&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/v1_Pelican_UAres_watermarked.jpg?resize=500%2C330&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/v1_Pelican_UAres_watermarked.jpg?resize=800%2C529&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/v1_Pelican_UAres_watermarked.jpg?resize=1280%2C846&amp;ssl=1 1280w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/v1_Pelican_UAres_watermarked.jpg?resize=1920%2C1269&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/v1_Pelican_UAres_watermarked.jpg?w=1760&amp;ssl=1 1760w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 880px) 100vw, 880px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">An SHO image taken using an OSC camera and dualband filters.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\">I think that these dual-band filters are real game-changers for OSC astrophotographers, especially those of us in cities. They allow us to keep the benefits of OSC and mitigate the main drawback, i.e. not being able to take narrowband images. To be clear, Mono plus filters has advantages over OSC plus dual-band in many cases, and dual-band filters aren\u2019t effective for every telescope or every target. But for the first time OSC can compete from a city.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\">I would like to quickly mention a drawback to many of these dualband filters that not everyone is aware of: they tend to lose effectiveness at fast focal ratios. See the graph on page 11 of&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/karmalimbo.com\/aro\/reports\/Test%20Report%20-%20Optolong%20L-eXtreme%20Filter_Aug2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">this test report<\/a>&nbsp;by Jim Thompson for details. If your telescope is faster than around f\/5, you may want to scout out other options.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For more about filters, check out my article <a href=\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/guide-which-filter-should-i-use-with-my-osc-camera\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">which filter should I use with my OSC camera?<\/a><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\"><br><br><\/span>OK, with all that said, let\u2019s try to break the issue down into five different criteria so we can compare the advantages and disadvantages of each camera type.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id216_9c4167-1a{margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);}.kb-row-layout-id216_9c4167-1a > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id216_9c4167-1a > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id216_9c4167-1a > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-none, 0rem );max-width:900px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id216_9c4167-1a{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;overflow:clip;isolation:isolate;}.kb-row-layout-id216_9c4167-1a > .kt-row-layout-overlay{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kb-row-layout-id216_9c4167-1a > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}.kb-row-layout-id216_9c4167-1a ,.kb-row-layout-id216_9c4167-1a h1,.kb-row-layout-id216_9c4167-1a h2,.kb-row-layout-id216_9c4167-1a h3,.kb-row-layout-id216_9c4167-1a h4,.kb-row-layout-id216_9c4167-1a h5,.kb-row-layout-id216_9c4167-1a h6{color:#ffffff;}.kb-row-layout-id216_9c4167-1a .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:100px;}.kb-row-layout-id216_9c4167-1a .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:100%;}.kb-row-layout-id216_9c4167-1a .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{fill:#ffffff!important;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_9c4167-1a > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_9c4167-1a .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_9c4167-1a .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id216_9c4167-1a > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id216_9c4167-1a .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}.kb-row-layout-id216_9c4167-1a .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id216_9c4167-1a alignnone has-eighty-black-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column216_724390-82 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column216_724390-82 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column216_724390-82 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column216_724390-82 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column216_724390-82 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column216_724390-82 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column216_724390-82{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column216_724390-82 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column216_724390-82 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column216_724390-82\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_5e2b1c-ad, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_5e2b1c-ad[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_5e2b1c-ad\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_5e2b1c-ad mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_5e2b1c-ad[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_5e2b1c-ad\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_5e2b1c-ad img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_5e2b1c-ad[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_5e2b1c-ad\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 id=\"1\" class=\"kt-adv-heading216_5e2b1c-ad wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_5e2b1c-ad\">1. Cost&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Winner: OSC<\/strong><br><br>To do Mono you need more equipment, and that comes with a cost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>OSC:<\/strong><br>OSC camera, dualband filters, filter drawer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Mono:<\/strong><br>Mono camera, LRGB filters, SHO filters, motorised filter wheel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most notable there are the filters. With a Mono camera you typically need seven filters (Luminance, Red, Green, Blue, H\u03b1, OIII, SII). With OSC you can achieve most of that using two dualband filters (H\u03b1\/OIII and SII\/OIII). The image quality may not be quite equivalent &#8212; more on that later &#8212; but just regarding cost alone, expect a Mono set-up to cost about 140% of an OSC equivalent.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id216_3ce611-79{margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);}.kb-row-layout-id216_3ce611-79 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id216_3ce611-79 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id216_3ce611-79 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-none, 0rem );max-width:900px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id216_3ce611-79{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;overflow:clip;isolation:isolate;}.kb-row-layout-id216_3ce611-79 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kb-row-layout-id216_3ce611-79 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}.kb-row-layout-id216_3ce611-79 ,.kb-row-layout-id216_3ce611-79 h1,.kb-row-layout-id216_3ce611-79 h2,.kb-row-layout-id216_3ce611-79 h3,.kb-row-layout-id216_3ce611-79 h4,.kb-row-layout-id216_3ce611-79 h5,.kb-row-layout-id216_3ce611-79 h6{color:#ffffff;}.kb-row-layout-id216_3ce611-79 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:100px;}.kb-row-layout-id216_3ce611-79 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:100%;}.kb-row-layout-id216_3ce611-79 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{fill:#ffffff!important;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_3ce611-79 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_3ce611-79 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_3ce611-79 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id216_3ce611-79 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id216_3ce611-79 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}.kb-row-layout-id216_3ce611-79 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id216_3ce611-79 alignnone has-eighty-black-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column216_0ad482-40 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column216_0ad482-40 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column216_0ad482-40 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column216_0ad482-40 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column216_0ad482-40 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column216_0ad482-40 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column216_0ad482-40{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column216_0ad482-40 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column216_0ad482-40 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column216_0ad482-40\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_408054-11, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_408054-11[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_408054-11\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_408054-11 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_408054-11[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_408054-11\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_408054-11 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_408054-11[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_408054-11\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 id=\"2\" class=\"kt-adv-heading216_408054-11 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_408054-11\">2. Data acquisition<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Winner: OSC, but not by much if you&#8217;ve automated your Mono set-up.<\/strong><br><br>Taking images with an OSC camera is relatively straight-forward (well, as much as anything in this hobby ever is). With Mono you\u2019ve got extra kit to think about and you need to put a bit more thought into planning your imaging session. And no-one enjoys taking Flats (a type of calibration frame) for lots of filters. You can use software and buy gadgets like motorised filter wheels that automate a lot of the leg-work, but that&#8217;s more expense and complexity.<br><br>Note that in principle you can actually make good images faster with a Mono camera. That&#8217;s for a few reasons, most notably because OSC wastes pixels by having so much green. If your absolute primary concern is speed, then Mono has a bigger advantage in this category.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id216_afd40a-70{margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);}.kb-row-layout-id216_afd40a-70 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id216_afd40a-70 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id216_afd40a-70 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-none, 0rem );max-width:900px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id216_afd40a-70{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;overflow:clip;isolation:isolate;}.kb-row-layout-id216_afd40a-70 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kb-row-layout-id216_afd40a-70 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}.kb-row-layout-id216_afd40a-70 ,.kb-row-layout-id216_afd40a-70 h1,.kb-row-layout-id216_afd40a-70 h2,.kb-row-layout-id216_afd40a-70 h3,.kb-row-layout-id216_afd40a-70 h4,.kb-row-layout-id216_afd40a-70 h5,.kb-row-layout-id216_afd40a-70 h6{color:#ffffff;}.kb-row-layout-id216_afd40a-70 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:100px;}.kb-row-layout-id216_afd40a-70 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:100%;}.kb-row-layout-id216_afd40a-70 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{fill:#ffffff!important;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_afd40a-70 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_afd40a-70 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_afd40a-70 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id216_afd40a-70 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id216_afd40a-70 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}.kb-row-layout-id216_afd40a-70 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id216_afd40a-70 alignnone has-eighty-black-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column216_e33130-54 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column216_e33130-54 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column216_e33130-54 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column216_e33130-54 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column216_e33130-54 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column216_e33130-54 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column216_e33130-54{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column216_e33130-54 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column216_e33130-54 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column216_e33130-54\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_7c8357-69, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_7c8357-69[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_7c8357-69\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_7c8357-69 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_7c8357-69[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_7c8357-69\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_7c8357-69 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_7c8357-69[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_7c8357-69\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 id=\"3\" class=\"kt-adv-heading216_7c8357-69 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_7c8357-69\">3. Versatility<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Winner: Mono<\/strong><br><br>No doubt about it, Mono is more versatile than OSC. You\u2019ve got access to more filters and can combine their data however you like. Want to keep things simple and just record H\u03b1? Easy. Keen to combine SHO data to make images with the same colour scheme that the Hubble Space Telescope uses? Sure, you can do this. (As mentioned, that&#8217;s also possible using an OSC camera plus H\u03b1\/OIII and SII\/OIII dualband filters, but it isn&#8217;t quite as accurate as the pure Mono route).<br><br>You can also shoot a greater variety of targets, and be better equipped to try photometry and spectroscopy. <br><br>With Mono, the world \u2014 or rather, Universe \u2014 is your oyster.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id216_2e8091-0e{margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);}.kb-row-layout-id216_2e8091-0e > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id216_2e8091-0e > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id216_2e8091-0e > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-none, 0rem );max-width:900px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id216_2e8091-0e{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;overflow:clip;isolation:isolate;}.kb-row-layout-id216_2e8091-0e > .kt-row-layout-overlay{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kb-row-layout-id216_2e8091-0e > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}.kb-row-layout-id216_2e8091-0e ,.kb-row-layout-id216_2e8091-0e h1,.kb-row-layout-id216_2e8091-0e h2,.kb-row-layout-id216_2e8091-0e h3,.kb-row-layout-id216_2e8091-0e h4,.kb-row-layout-id216_2e8091-0e h5,.kb-row-layout-id216_2e8091-0e h6{color:#ffffff;}.kb-row-layout-id216_2e8091-0e .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:100px;}.kb-row-layout-id216_2e8091-0e .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:100%;}.kb-row-layout-id216_2e8091-0e .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{fill:#ffffff!important;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_2e8091-0e > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_2e8091-0e .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_2e8091-0e .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id216_2e8091-0e > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id216_2e8091-0e .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}.kb-row-layout-id216_2e8091-0e .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id216_2e8091-0e alignnone has-eighty-black-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column216_049c13-47 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column216_049c13-47 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column216_049c13-47 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column216_049c13-47 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column216_049c13-47 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column216_049c13-47 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column216_049c13-47{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column216_049c13-47 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column216_049c13-47 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column216_049c13-47\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_d0bd94-32, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_d0bd94-32[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_d0bd94-32\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_d0bd94-32 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_d0bd94-32[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_d0bd94-32\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_d0bd94-32 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_d0bd94-32[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_d0bd94-32\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 id=\"4\" class=\"kt-adv-heading216_d0bd94-32 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_d0bd94-32\">4. Image quality<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Winner: Mono, but only just<\/strong><br><br>This is a tough criterion to judge. In theory, Mono is the clear winner. It\u2019s very sensitive, and you get lots of detail with a Luminance filter. You also often hear that Mono images achieve higher resolutions. In theory this is true, but how noticeable is it? Can you <a href=\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/targets\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">look at an image<\/a> and tell whether it was taken with an OSC or Mono camera by its resolution? Personally, I can\u2019t.<br><br>I\u2019d like to do a good side-by-side comparison sometime; if the difference is evident then I\u2019d accept the resolution argument. But for now, I think that your image\u2019s total integration time and your skill in processing has <em>far<\/em> more impact on the final image quality than whether you used OSC or Mono. So, I\u2019m going to give this one to Mono, but only just.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id216_73f177-aa{margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);}.kb-row-layout-id216_73f177-aa > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id216_73f177-aa > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id216_73f177-aa > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-none, 0rem );max-width:900px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id216_73f177-aa{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;overflow:clip;isolation:isolate;}.kb-row-layout-id216_73f177-aa > .kt-row-layout-overlay{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kb-row-layout-id216_73f177-aa > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}.kb-row-layout-id216_73f177-aa ,.kb-row-layout-id216_73f177-aa h1,.kb-row-layout-id216_73f177-aa h2,.kb-row-layout-id216_73f177-aa h3,.kb-row-layout-id216_73f177-aa h4,.kb-row-layout-id216_73f177-aa h5,.kb-row-layout-id216_73f177-aa h6{color:#ffffff;}.kb-row-layout-id216_73f177-aa .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:100px;}.kb-row-layout-id216_73f177-aa .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:100%;}.kb-row-layout-id216_73f177-aa .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{fill:#ffffff!important;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_73f177-aa > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_73f177-aa .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_73f177-aa .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id216_73f177-aa > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id216_73f177-aa .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}.kb-row-layout-id216_73f177-aa .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id216_73f177-aa alignnone has-eighty-black-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column216_75729d-e6 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column216_75729d-e6 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column216_75729d-e6 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column216_75729d-e6 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column216_75729d-e6 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column216_75729d-e6 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column216_75729d-e6{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column216_75729d-e6 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column216_75729d-e6 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column216_75729d-e6\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_2be586-bc, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_2be586-bc[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_2be586-bc\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_2be586-bc mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_2be586-bc[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_2be586-bc\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_2be586-bc img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_2be586-bc[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_2be586-bc\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 id=\"5\" class=\"kt-adv-heading216_2be586-bc wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_2be586-bc\">5. Fun factor<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Winner: entirely depends on what you want<\/strong><br><br>When deciding whether to buy an OSC or Mono camera, we have a tendency to get our heads stuck in the fine print of camera specifications and theoretical limits. Here\u2019s the thing though: most of us are into this hobby for fun, so don\u2019t lose sight of that. <em>Which camera type would you find more fun to use?<\/em> That\u2019s the one that you\u2019ll use the most.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Let me tell you a little story. Back when I was imaging with my Mono camera, I was finding it rather frustrating, and I didn&#8217;t have enough spare time to put into it. I just wasn&#8217;t having fun. I started to consider an OSC set-up, because that would be more streamlined. Most of the advice I received was to absolutely definitely <em>not <\/em>go OSC, because that was madness to even attempt from a city. I ignored that advice and decided to go for it. I&#8217;m glad I did, because otherwise I&#8217;m fairly sure I would have quit astrophotography altogether. It&#8217;s not that the advice I received wasn&#8217;t technically sound, but it didn&#8217;t take into account what I was personally finding challenging about the hobby, and what I&#8217;d find most fun!<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id216_655d8f-2c{margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);}.kb-row-layout-id216_655d8f-2c > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id216_655d8f-2c > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id216_655d8f-2c > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-none, 0rem );max-width:900px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id216_655d8f-2c{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;overflow:clip;isolation:isolate;}.kb-row-layout-id216_655d8f-2c > .kt-row-layout-overlay{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kb-row-layout-id216_655d8f-2c > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}.kb-row-layout-id216_655d8f-2c ,.kb-row-layout-id216_655d8f-2c h1,.kb-row-layout-id216_655d8f-2c h2,.kb-row-layout-id216_655d8f-2c h3,.kb-row-layout-id216_655d8f-2c h4,.kb-row-layout-id216_655d8f-2c h5,.kb-row-layout-id216_655d8f-2c h6{color:#ffffff;}.kb-row-layout-id216_655d8f-2c .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:100px;}.kb-row-layout-id216_655d8f-2c .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:100%;}.kb-row-layout-id216_655d8f-2c .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{fill:#ffffff!important;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_655d8f-2c > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_655d8f-2c .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_655d8f-2c .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id216_655d8f-2c > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id216_655d8f-2c .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}.kb-row-layout-id216_655d8f-2c .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id216_655d8f-2c alignnone has-eighty-black-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column216_5b6682-6b > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column216_5b6682-6b > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column216_5b6682-6b > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column216_5b6682-6b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column216_5b6682-6b > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column216_5b6682-6b > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column216_5b6682-6b{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column216_5b6682-6b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column216_5b6682-6b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column216_5b6682-6b\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_00aa1f-b0, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_00aa1f-b0[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_00aa1f-b0\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_00aa1f-b0 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_00aa1f-b0[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_00aa1f-b0\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_00aa1f-b0 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading216_00aa1f-b0[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_00aa1f-b0\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 id=\"what-should-i-choose\" class=\"kt-adv-heading216_00aa1f-b0 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading216_00aa1f-b0\">What should I choose?!<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sorry, there\u2019s not an easy answer here. Given the theme of this website you were probably expecting me to say that you should get an OSC. If only it were that simple.<br><br>If you\u2019ve got a big budget, plenty of free time, and want the greatest versatility, then Mono is probably the right choice for you. But if you fall down in any of those categories it\u2019s worth considering OSC. This is thanks to the development of those wonderful dual-band filters. Before they came along, I\u2019d be saying that from a city, Mono was the only real choice. Now, OSC with a dual-band filter can work really well (which I hope&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/targets\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">this website\u2019s gallery<\/a>&nbsp;proves).<br><br>The price difference alone may push you into the OSC camp. It\u2019s worth noting that the&nbsp;second-hand market&nbsp;for astro equipment is very good. The people that buy this kind of kit tend to take good care of it, often with a mind to sell it on to fund upgrades in the future. So if you\u2019re set on Mono, you could likely get an older-generation set-up second-hand for around the price of a brand new latest generation OSC. Or, you could find a bargain OSC camera and get imaging for less than you think. Maybe the money saved could be used to buy some&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/top-10-upgrades\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">useful upgrades<\/a>?<br><br>If you\u2019re still stuck with analysis paralysis choosing an astrocamera, here\u2019s a tip that might help you decide. We tend to think we\u2019re putting ourselves in the OSC or Mono camp for life. But it doesn\u2019t work that way; you won\u2019t be using your new camera forever. Consider how long you expect to use it before you\u2019ll want to sell it and get an upgrade. Technology is always moving on, after all.<br><br>Let\u2019s say that figure is five years. Which camera type will you get the most use out of&nbsp;<em>in that timeframe<\/em>? If you\u2019re short on time, cash, or just want something (relatively) simple to produce pretty pictures, maybe OSC is right for you. If you want to get really deep into the hobby and can dedicate all the necessary resources to it, perhaps Mono is the answer. I used to shoot Mono, and am now OSC. Maybe I\u2019ll go back to Mono in the future.<br><br><strong>In the end, whatever you choose, the most important thing is to have fun and get your camera out there&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/how-to-get-long-integration-times\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">collecting photons<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6aafc69110bf5&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6aafc69110bf5\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"880\" height=\"587\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/v3_CygnusWall_UAres_watermarked.jpg?resize=880%2C587&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"The Cygnus Wall, photographed from a city\" class=\"wp-image-2855\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/v3_CygnusWall_UAres_watermarked.jpg?resize=1024%2C683&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/v3_CygnusWall_UAres_watermarked.jpg?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/v3_CygnusWall_UAres_watermarked.jpg?resize=768%2C512&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/v3_CygnusWall_UAres_watermarked.jpg?resize=1536%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/v3_CygnusWall_UAres_watermarked.jpg?resize=2048%2C1366&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/v3_CygnusWall_UAres_watermarked.jpg?resize=500%2C333&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/v3_CygnusWall_UAres_watermarked.jpg?resize=800%2C533&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/v3_CygnusWall_UAres_watermarked.jpg?resize=1280%2C854&amp;ssl=1 1280w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/v3_CygnusWall_UAres_watermarked.jpg?resize=1920%2C1280&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/v3_CygnusWall_UAres_watermarked.jpg?w=1760&amp;ssl=1 1760w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 880px) 100vw, 880px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id216_19c720-2f{margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);}.kb-row-layout-id216_19c720-2f > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id216_19c720-2f > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id216_19c720-2f > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-none, 0rem );max-width:900px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id216_19c720-2f{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;overflow:clip;isolation:isolate;}.kb-row-layout-id216_19c720-2f > .kt-row-layout-overlay{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kb-row-layout-id216_19c720-2f > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_19c720-2f > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id216_19c720-2f > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id216_19c720-2f alignnone has-eighty-black-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column216_45d6e0-bd > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column216_45d6e0-bd > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column216_45d6e0-bd > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column216_45d6e0-bd > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column216_45d6e0-bd > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column216_45d6e0-bd > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column216_45d6e0-bd{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column216_45d6e0-bd > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column216_45d6e0-bd > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column216_45d6e0-bd\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"where-to-buy\">Where to buy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Here&#8217;s some OSC-specific equipment that&#8217;s particularly useful.<\/span> <span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\"><a href=\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/my-astrophotography-kit\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Click here for my complete kit list.<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\"><em>Affiliate links help support the site at no extra cost to you.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id216_916c72-44 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id216_916c72-44 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id216_916c72-44 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 2fr);}.kb-row-layout-id216_916c72-44 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_916c72-44 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 2fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id216_916c72-44 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id216_916c72-44 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-2-columns kt-row-layout-right-golden kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column216_1a6961-9f > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column216_1a6961-9f > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column216_1a6961-9f > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column216_1a6961-9f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column216_1a6961-9f > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column216_1a6961-9f > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column216_1a6961-9f{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column216_1a6961-9f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column216_1a6961-9f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column216_1a6961-9f\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"880\" height=\"586\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/ZWO-ASI2600MC-Pro-watermarked.jpg?resize=880%2C586&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"ZWO ASI 2600MC Pro\" class=\"wp-image-1266\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/ZWO-ASI2600MC-Pro-watermarked.jpg?resize=1024%2C682&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/ZWO-ASI2600MC-Pro-watermarked.jpg?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/ZWO-ASI2600MC-Pro-watermarked.jpg?resize=768%2C511&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/ZWO-ASI2600MC-Pro-watermarked.jpg?resize=1536%2C1022&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/ZWO-ASI2600MC-Pro-watermarked.jpg?resize=500%2C333&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/ZWO-ASI2600MC-Pro-watermarked.jpg?resize=800%2C532&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/ZWO-ASI2600MC-Pro-watermarked.jpg?resize=1280%2C852&amp;ssl=1 1280w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/ZWO-ASI2600MC-Pro-watermarked.jpg?resize=1920%2C1278&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/ZWO-ASI2600MC-Pro-watermarked.jpg?resize=507%2C338&amp;ssl=1 507w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/ZWO-ASI2600MC-Pro-watermarked.jpg?w=2048&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/ZWO-ASI2600MC-Pro-watermarked.jpg?w=1760&amp;ssl=1 1760w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 880px) 100vw, 880px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column216_aebf37-3c > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column216_aebf37-3c > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column216_aebf37-3c > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column216_aebf37-3c > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column216_aebf37-3c > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column216_aebf37-3c > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column216_aebf37-3c{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column216_aebf37-3c > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column216_aebf37-3c > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column216_aebf37-3c\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\"><strong><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\"><strong>Camera: <span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\">ZWO ASI 2600MC Pro<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><br><a href=\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/review-zwo-asi2600mc-pro\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Read my review<\/a><\/span><br><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.astroshop.eu\/astronomical-cameras\/zwo-camera-asi-2600-mc-pro-color\/p,87290?affiliate_id=UrbanAstrophotography\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener sponsored nofollow\">Buy from Astroshop.eu<\/a><\/span><br><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.highpointscientific.com\/zwo-asi2600mc-pro-usb-3-cooled-color-astronomy-camera-2025-asi2600mc-p25?rfsn=8945533.e3e877\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener sponsored nofollow\">Buy from High Point Scientific<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id216_7c4102-21 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id216_7c4102-21 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id216_7c4102-21 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 2fr);}.kb-row-layout-id216_7c4102-21 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_7c4102-21 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 2fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id216_7c4102-21 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id216_7c4102-21 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-2-columns kt-row-layout-right-golden kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column216_470cf7-dd > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column216_470cf7-dd > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column216_470cf7-dd > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column216_470cf7-dd > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column216_470cf7-dd > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column216_470cf7-dd > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column216_470cf7-dd{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column216_470cf7-dd > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column216_470cf7-dd > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column216_470cf7-dd\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"880\" height=\"587\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/L-QuadEnhance_UAres_watermarked.webp?resize=880%2C587&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Optolong L-Quad Enhance\" class=\"wp-image-10948\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/L-QuadEnhance_UAres_watermarked.webp?w=2560&amp;ssl=1 2560w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/L-QuadEnhance_UAres_watermarked.webp?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/L-QuadEnhance_UAres_watermarked.webp?resize=1024%2C683&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/L-QuadEnhance_UAres_watermarked.webp?resize=768%2C512&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/L-QuadEnhance_UAres_watermarked.webp?resize=1536%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/L-QuadEnhance_UAres_watermarked.webp?resize=2048%2C1366&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/L-QuadEnhance_UAres_watermarked.webp?resize=500%2C333&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/L-QuadEnhance_UAres_watermarked.webp?resize=800%2C533&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/L-QuadEnhance_UAres_watermarked.webp?resize=1280%2C854&amp;ssl=1 1280w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/L-QuadEnhance_UAres_watermarked.webp?resize=1920%2C1280&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/L-QuadEnhance_UAres_watermarked.webp?resize=507%2C338&amp;ssl=1 507w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/L-QuadEnhance_UAres_watermarked.webp?w=1760&amp;ssl=1 1760w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 880px) 100vw, 880px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column216_84a16a-d5 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column216_84a16a-d5 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column216_84a16a-d5 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column216_84a16a-d5 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column216_84a16a-d5 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column216_84a16a-d5 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column216_84a16a-d5{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column216_84a16a-d5 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column216_84a16a-d5 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column216_84a16a-d5\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\"><strong>Filter: Optolong L-Quad Enhance<\/strong><br><a href=\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/review-optolong-l-quad-enhance\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Read my review<\/a><\/span><br><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.astroshop.eu\/broadband-filters\/optolong-filters-l-quad-enhance-2-\/p,80320?affiliate_id=UrbanAstrophotography\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener sponsored nofollow\">Buy from Astroshop.eu<\/a><\/span><br><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.highpointscientific.com\/optolong-2-l-quad-enhance-filter?rfsn=8945533.e3e877\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener sponsored nofollow\">Buy from High Point Scientific<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id216_eb4362-e5 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id216_eb4362-e5 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id216_eb4362-e5 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 2fr);}.kb-row-layout-id216_eb4362-e5 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_eb4362-e5 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 2fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id216_eb4362-e5 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id216_eb4362-e5 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-2-columns kt-row-layout-right-golden kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column216_39c7e2-09 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column216_39c7e2-09 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column216_39c7e2-09 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column216_39c7e2-09 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column216_39c7e2-09 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column216_39c7e2-09 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column216_39c7e2-09{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column216_39c7e2-09 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column216_39c7e2-09 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column216_39c7e2-09\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"880\" height=\"587\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/L-Ultimate_UAres_watermarked-2.webp?resize=880%2C587&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Optolong L-Ultimate\" class=\"wp-image-10949\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/L-Ultimate_UAres_watermarked-2.webp?resize=1024%2C683&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/L-Ultimate_UAres_watermarked-2.webp?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/L-Ultimate_UAres_watermarked-2.webp?resize=768%2C512&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/L-Ultimate_UAres_watermarked-2.webp?resize=1536%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/L-Ultimate_UAres_watermarked-2.webp?resize=2048%2C1366&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/L-Ultimate_UAres_watermarked-2.webp?resize=500%2C333&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/L-Ultimate_UAres_watermarked-2.webp?resize=800%2C533&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/L-Ultimate_UAres_watermarked-2.webp?resize=1280%2C854&amp;ssl=1 1280w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/L-Ultimate_UAres_watermarked-2.webp?resize=1920%2C1280&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/L-Ultimate_UAres_watermarked-2.webp?resize=507%2C338&amp;ssl=1 507w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/L-Ultimate_UAres_watermarked-2.webp?w=1760&amp;ssl=1 1760w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 880px) 100vw, 880px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column216_dbcbeb-47 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column216_dbcbeb-47 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column216_dbcbeb-47 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column216_dbcbeb-47 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column216_dbcbeb-47 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column216_dbcbeb-47 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column216_dbcbeb-47{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column216_dbcbeb-47 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column216_dbcbeb-47 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column216_dbcbeb-47\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\"><strong>Filter: Optolong L-Ultimate<\/strong><br><a href=\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/dualband-filter-shootout-l-extreme-vs-l-ultimate-vs-colour-magic-6nm\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Read my review<\/a><\/span><br><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.astroshop.eu\/uhc-filters\/optolong-filters-l-ultimate-2-\/p,76371?affiliate_id=UrbanAstrophotography\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener sponsored nofollow\">Buy from Astroshop.eu<\/a><\/span><br><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.highpointscientific.com\/optolong-l-ultimate-2-light-pollution-dual-band-filter-lult-200?rfsn=8945533.e3e877\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener sponsored nofollow\">Buy from High Point Scientific<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column216_d4e225-ab > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column216_d4e225-ab > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column216_d4e225-ab > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column216_d4e225-ab > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column216_d4e225-ab > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column216_d4e225-ab > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column216_d4e225-ab{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column216_d4e225-ab > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column216_d4e225-ab > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column216_d4e225-ab\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6aafc69111ab1&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6aafc69111ab1\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"490\" height=\"343\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/L-eXtreme.jpg?resize=490%2C343&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Optolong L-eXtreme\" class=\"wp-image-2023\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/L-eXtreme.jpg?w=490&amp;ssl=1 490w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/L-eXtreme.jpg?resize=300%2C210&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 490px) 100vw, 490px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Credit: Optolong.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column216_cede84-a8 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column216_cede84-a8 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column216_cede84-a8 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column216_cede84-a8 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column216_cede84-a8 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column216_cede84-a8 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column216_cede84-a8{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column216_cede84-a8 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column216_cede84-a8 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column216_cede84-a8\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Filter: Optolong L-eXtreme<\/span><\/strong><br><a href=\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/dualband-filter-shootout-l-extreme-vs-l-ultimate-vs-colour-magic-6nm\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Read my review<\/a><br><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.astroshop.eu\/telescopes\/askar-apochromatic-refractor-ap-72-400-fra400\/p,80164?affiliate_id=UrbanAstrophotography\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener sponsored nofollow\">Buy from<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.astroshop.eu\/uhc-filters\/optolong-filters-l-extreme-2-\/p,66894?affiliate_id=UrbanAstrophotography\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener sponsored nofollow\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.astroshop.eu\/telescopes\/askar-apochromatic-refractor-ap-72-400-fra400\/p,80164?affiliate_id=UrbanAstrophotography\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener sponsored nofollow\">Astroshop.eu<\/a><\/span><br><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.highpointscientific.com\/optolong-2-inch-l-extreme-dual-band-7nm-ha-oiii-filter-lxt-200?rfsn=8945533.e3e877\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener sponsored nofollow\">Buy from High Point Scientific<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id216_681574-7d > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id216_681574-7d > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id216_681574-7d > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, calc(35% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem) * 1 )\/2)))minmax(0, calc(65% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem) * 1 )\/2)));}.kb-row-layout-id216_681574-7d > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id216_681574-7d > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 2fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id216_681574-7d > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id216_681574-7d alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-2-columns kt-row-layout-right-golden kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column216_cd87c2-9e > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column216_cd87c2-9e > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column216_cd87c2-9e > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column216_cd87c2-9e > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column216_cd87c2-9e > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column216_cd87c2-9e > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column216_cd87c2-9e{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column216_cd87c2-9e > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column216_cd87c2-9e > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column216_cd87c2-9e\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"880\" height=\"587\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/AskarE2_UAres_watermarked-3.webp?resize=880%2C587&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Askar E2\" class=\"wp-image-10950\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/AskarE2_UAres_watermarked-3.webp?resize=1024%2C683&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/AskarE2_UAres_watermarked-3.webp?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/AskarE2_UAres_watermarked-3.webp?resize=768%2C512&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/AskarE2_UAres_watermarked-3.webp?resize=1536%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/AskarE2_UAres_watermarked-3.webp?resize=2048%2C1366&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/AskarE2_UAres_watermarked-3.webp?resize=500%2C333&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/AskarE2_UAres_watermarked-3.webp?resize=800%2C533&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/AskarE2_UAres_watermarked-3.webp?resize=1280%2C854&amp;ssl=1 1280w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/AskarE2_UAres_watermarked-3.webp?resize=1920%2C1280&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/AskarE2_UAres_watermarked-3.webp?resize=507%2C338&amp;ssl=1 507w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/AskarE2_UAres_watermarked-3.webp?w=1760&amp;ssl=1 1760w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 880px) 100vw, 880px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column216_549180-65 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column216_549180-65 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column216_549180-65 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column216_549180-65 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column216_549180-65 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column216_549180-65 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column216_549180-65{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column216_549180-65 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column216_549180-65 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column216_549180-65\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\"><strong>Filter: Askar E2<\/strong><br><a href=\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/review-askar-colour-magic-e2-sii-oiii-filter-e2-vs-d2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Read my review<\/a><\/span><br><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.highpointscientific.com\/askar-color-magic-2-e2-sii-and-oiii-filter?rfsn=8945533.e3e877\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener sponsored nofollow\">Buy from High Point Scientific<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column216_a9aec1-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column216_a9aec1-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column216_a9aec1-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column216_a9aec1-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column216_a9aec1-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column216_a9aec1-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column216_a9aec1-d9{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column216_a9aec1-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column216_a9aec1-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column216_a9aec1-d9\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6aafc69112326&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6aafc69112326\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"880\" height=\"880\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Dualband-shootout.jpg?resize=880%2C880&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Filters\" class=\"wp-image-1827\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Dualband-shootout.jpg?w=1363&amp;ssl=1 1363w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Dualband-shootout.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Dualband-shootout.jpg?resize=1024%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Dualband-shootout.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Dualband-shootout.jpg?resize=768%2C768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Dualband-shootout.jpg?resize=500%2C500&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Dualband-shootout.jpg?resize=800%2C800&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Dualband-shootout.jpg?resize=1280%2C1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Dualband-shootout.jpg?resize=666%2C666&amp;ssl=1 666w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 880px) 100vw, 880px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column216_648c51-68 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column216_648c51-68 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column216_648c51-68 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column216_648c51-68 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column216_648c51-68 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column216_648c51-68 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column216_648c51-68{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column216_648c51-68 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column216_648c51-68 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column216_648c51-68\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Filter: Askar D2<\/span><\/strong><br><a href=\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/coming-soon-review-askar-colour-magic-d1-and-d2-duo-band-filters-ha-oiii-sii-oiii\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Read my review<\/a><br><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.astroshop.eu\/combinations-sets\/askar-filters-color-magic-d2-oiii-sii-duo-2-\/p,87298?affiliate_id=UrbanAstrophotography\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener sponsored nofollow\">Buy from Astroshop.eu<\/a><\/span><br><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.highpointscientific.com\/askar-color-magic-super-d2-duo-narrowband-filter-oiii-and-sii-2-inch?rfsn=8945533.e3e877\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener sponsored nofollow\">Buy from High Point Scientific<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column216_44f12b-1b > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column216_44f12b-1b > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column216_44f12b-1b > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column216_44f12b-1b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column216_44f12b-1b > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column216_44f12b-1b > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column216_44f12b-1b{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column216_44f12b-1b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column216_44f12b-1b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column216_44f12b-1b\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6aafc6911289e&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6aafc6911289e\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/FilterDrawer_UAres_watermarked-13.webp?fit=880%2C587&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"ZWO Filter Drawer\" class=\"wp-image-10978\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/FilterDrawer_UAres_watermarked-13.webp?w=2560&amp;ssl=1 2560w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/FilterDrawer_UAres_watermarked-13.webp?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/FilterDrawer_UAres_watermarked-13.webp?resize=1024%2C683&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/FilterDrawer_UAres_watermarked-13.webp?resize=768%2C512&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/FilterDrawer_UAres_watermarked-13.webp?resize=1536%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/FilterDrawer_UAres_watermarked-13.webp?resize=2048%2C1366&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/FilterDrawer_UAres_watermarked-13.webp?resize=500%2C333&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/FilterDrawer_UAres_watermarked-13.webp?resize=800%2C533&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/FilterDrawer_UAres_watermarked-13.webp?resize=1280%2C854&amp;ssl=1 1280w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/FilterDrawer_UAres_watermarked-13.webp?resize=1920%2C1280&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/FilterDrawer_UAres_watermarked-13.webp?resize=507%2C338&amp;ssl=1 507w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/FilterDrawer_UAres_watermarked-13.webp?w=1760&amp;ssl=1 1760w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 880px) 100vw, 880px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column216_897931-f8 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column216_897931-f8 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column216_897931-f8 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column216_897931-f8 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column216_897931-f8 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column216_897931-f8 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column216_897931-f8{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column216_897931-f8 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column216_897931-f8 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column216_897931-f8\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\" class=\"stk-highlight\">ZWO Filter Drawer<\/span><\/strong><br><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.astroshop.eu\/filter-wheels-filter-sliders\/zwo-filter-holder-with-filter-drawer-2-\/p,77432?affiliate_id=UrbanAstrophotography\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener sponsored nofollow\">Buy from Astroshop.eu<\/a><\/span><br><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.highpointscientific.com\/zwo-gen-2-m54-filter-drawer-for-2-inch-filters-fd-m54-ii?rfsn=8945533.e3e877\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener sponsored nofollow\">Buy from High Point Scientific<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column216_3dfa54-3a > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column216_3dfa54-3a > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column216_3dfa54-3a > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column216_3dfa54-3a > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column216_3dfa54-3a > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column216_3dfa54-3a > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column216_3dfa54-3a{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column216_3dfa54-3a > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column216_3dfa54-3a > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column216_3dfa54-3a\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<hr class=\"is-style-wide wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nfd-container nfd-py-lg nfd-theme-dark nfd-bg-surface nfd-wb-text__text-20 engagement-columns ticss-c88d95c9 is-style-nfd-theme-dark wp-block-group has-eighty-black-background-color has-background\" style=\"border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Book a Masterclass<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One-on-one online tuition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/index.php\/courses\/#!\/art\/astronomyexperience\/68ee18bfbf3c73843b4c84fc?scope=gallery&amp;headless=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"880\" height=\"624\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Urban-Astrophotography-online-Masterclass.jpg?resize=880%2C624&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Book an online astrophotography masterclass\" class=\"wp-image-10205\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Art Store<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Own a fine art print from the gallery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/index.php\/artstore\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1318\" height=\"936\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-18-220348.jpg?fit=880%2C625&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"Visit the Urban Astrophotography Art Store\" class=\"wp-image-10206\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-18-220348.jpg?w=1318&amp;ssl=1 1318w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-18-220348.jpg?resize=300%2C213&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-18-220348.jpg?resize=1024%2C727&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-18-220348.jpg?resize=768%2C545&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-18-220348.jpg?resize=500%2C355&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-18-220348.jpg?resize=800%2C568&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-18-220348.jpg?resize=1280%2C909&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 880px) 100vw, 880px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Donate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Help me fight the spam bots!<\/p>\n\n\n<style>\r\n        .wpedon-container .wpedon-select,\r\n        .wpedon-container .wpedon-input {\r\n            width: 200px;\r\n            min-width: 200px;\r\n            max-width: 200px;\r\n        }\r\n    <\/style><div class='wpedon-container wpedon-align-left'><div><br\/><label id=\"wpedon-2012-amount-label\">Donation Amount<\/label><br \/><input type='number' min='1' step='any' name='ddm_427c28d30b6aa477cfed661340500dde' class='wpedon-input' value='10.00' \/><script>\r\n                (function(){\r\n                    function wpedonInitManual_427c28d30b6aa477cfed661340500dde(){\r\n                        var input = document.querySelector('[name=\"ddm_427c28d30b6aa477cfed661340500dde\"]');\r\n                        if (!input) { return; }\r\n                        input.addEventListener('change', function(){\r\n                            var amountEl = document.getElementById('amount_427c28d30b6aa477cfed661340500dde');\r\n                            var priceEl  = document.getElementById('price_427c28d30b6aa477cfed661340500dde');\r\n                            if (amountEl) { amountEl.value = this.value; }\r\n                            if (priceEl)  { priceEl.value  = this.value; }\r\n                        });\r\n                    }\r\n                    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\r\n                        document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', wpedonInitManual_427c28d30b6aa477cfed661340500dde);\r\n                    } else {\r\n                        wpedonInitManual_427c28d30b6aa477cfed661340500dde();\r\n                    }\r\n                })();\r\n            <\/script><br\/><br\/><\/div><form class='wpedon-form wpedon-form-disabled' id='427c28d30b6aa477cfed661340500dde' action='#' method='post'>\t\t<script\r\n\t\t\tsrc='https:\/\/www.paypal.com\/sdk\/js?client-id=Advx1wc_4Se6ICsYnMXTqWntyS0F1VdRHIeWnT2Qgv0nFi6sD86KEM9DSxcG79rq_weHqfs1uClL1xDy&merchant-id=PE8M86N7VP6M6&currency=GBP&intent=capture&components=buttons,funding-eligibility'\r\n\t\t\tdata-partner-attribution-id='WPPlugin_STP_CP'\r\n\t\t\t\t\t><\/script>\r\n\t\t<style>\r\n        .wpedon-paypal-button-container > *,\r\n        .wpedon-paypal-hosted-fields-container .wpedon-paypal-btn,\r\n        .wpedon-form .wpedon-or {\r\n            width: 200px;\r\n            min-width: 200px;\r\n            max-width: 200px;\r\n        }\r\n        .wpedon-paypal-hosted-fields-container .wpedon-paypal-btn {\r\n            height: 40px;\r\n        }\r\n\t\t<\/style>\r\n\t\t<script>\r\n      const wpedonPaypalFunding = [\"paypal\"];\r\n\t\t<\/script>\r\n\t\t\r\n\t<!-- Buttons container -->\r\n\t<div id='wpedon-paypal-button-container-427c28d30b6aa477cfed661340500dde' class='wpedon-paypal-button-container wpedon-vertical'><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t<div id='wpedon-paypal-message-427c28d30b6aa477cfed661340500dde' class='wpedon-payment-message'><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t<script>\r\n    const message_427c28d30b6aa477cfed661340500dde = document.getElementById('wpedon-paypal-message-427c28d30b6aa477cfed661340500dde');\r\n    if ( typeof paypal === 'undefined' ) {\r\n      message_427c28d30b6aa477cfed661340500dde.innerHTML = '<span class=\"payment-error\">' + \r\n          'An error occurred while connecting PayPal SDK. Check the plugin settings.' + '<\/span>';\r\n      throw 'An error occurred while connecting PayPal SDK. Check the plugin settings.';\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    paypal.getFundingSources().forEach(function (fundingSource) {\r\n      if ( wpedonPaypalFunding.indexOf(fundingSource) > -1 ) {\r\n        const style = {\r\n          shape: 'rect',\r\n          label: 'donate',\r\n          height: 40        };\r\n\r\n        if ( fundingSource !== 'card' ) {\r\n          let color = 'gold';\r\n          if (fundingSource === 'venmo' && color === 'gold') {\r\n            color = 'blue';\r\n          } else if (['ideal', 'bancontact', 'giropay', 'eps', 'sofort', 'mybank', 'p24'].indexOf(fundingSource) > -1 && ['gold', 'blue'].indexOf(color) > -1) {\r\n            color = 'default';\r\n          } else if (fundingSource === 'credit' && ['darkblue', 'black', 'white'].indexOf(color) === -1) {\r\n              color = 'darkblue';\r\n          }\r\n          style.color = color;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        const button = paypal.Buttons({\r\n          fundingSource: fundingSource,\r\n          style: style,\r\n          createOrder: function() {\r\n            message_427c28d30b6aa477cfed661340500dde.innerHTML = '';\r\n\r\n            const form = document.getElementById('427c28d30b6aa477cfed661340500dde');\r\n            const formData = new FormData(form);\r\n            formData.append('action', 'wpedon-ppcp-order-create');\r\n            formData.append('nonce', wpedon.nonce);\r\n\r\n            return fetch(wpedon.ajaxUrl, {\r\n              method: 'post',\r\n              body: formData\r\n            }).then(function(response) {\r\n              return response.json();\r\n            }).then(function(data) {\r\n              let orderID = false;\r\n              if (data.success && data.data.order_id) {\r\n                orderID = data.data.order_id;\r\n              } else {\r\n                throw data.data && data.data.message ? data.data.message : 'An unknown error occurred while creating the order. Please reload the page and try again.';\r\n              }\r\n              return orderID;\r\n            });\r\n          },\r\n          onApprove: function(data) {\r\n            const formData = new FormData();\r\n\r\n            formData.append('action', 'wpedon-ppcp-order-finalize');\r\n            formData.append('nonce', wpedon.nonce);\r\n            formData.append('order_id', data.orderID);\r\n\r\n            return fetch(wpedon.ajaxUrl, {\r\n              method: 'post',\r\n              body: formData\r\n            }).then(function(response) {\r\n              return response.json();\r\n            }).then(function(data) {\r\n              if (data.success) {\r\n\t\t\t    var return_url = '';\r\n                if (return_url.length) {\r\n                  window.location.href = return_url;\r\n                } else {\r\n                  message_427c28d30b6aa477cfed661340500dde.innerHTML = '<span class=\"payment-success\">' + \r\n                    'The payment was successful' + '<\/span>';\r\n                }\r\n              } else {\r\n                throw data.data.message;\r\n              }\r\n            });\r\n          },\r\n          onCancel: function() {\r\n            if (wpedon.cancel.length && fundingSource !== 'card') {\r\n              window.location.href = wpedon.cancel;\r\n            } else {\r\n              message_427c28d30b6aa477cfed661340500dde.innerHTML = '<span class=\"payment-error\">' + \r\n                'The payment was cancelled.' + '<\/span>';\r\n            }\r\n          },\r\n          onError: function (error) {\r\n            message_427c28d30b6aa477cfed661340500dde.innerHTML = '<span class=\"payment-error\">' + (error ? error : '<strong>Site admin<\/strong>, an error was detected in the plugin settings.<\/br>Please check the PayPal connection and product settings (price, name, etc.)') + '<\/span>';\r\n          }\r\n        });\r\n\r\n        if (button.isEligible()) {\r\n          button.render('#wpedon-paypal-button-container-427c28d30b6aa477cfed661340500dde');\r\n        }\r\n      }\r\n    });\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/script>\r\n\t\r\n\t\r\n\t\r\n\t<input type='hidden' name='amount' id='amount_427c28d30b6aa477cfed661340500dde' value='10.00' \/><input type='hidden' name='price' id='price_427c28d30b6aa477cfed661340500dde' value='10.00' \/><input type='hidden' name='item_number' value='UrbanAstrophotography' \/><input type='hidden' name='item_name' value='Urban Astrophotography donation' \/><input type='hidden' name='name' value='Urban Astrophotography donation' \/><input type='hidden' name='custom' value='2012'><input type='hidden' name='no_shipping' value='1'><input type='hidden' name='no_note' value='1'><input type='hidden' name='currency_code' value='GBP'><\/form><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-social-links aligncenter is-content-justification-left is-layout-flex wp-container-core-social-links-is-layout-63375db1 wp-block-social-links-is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"wp-social-link wp-social-link-instagram wp-block-social-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/leepullenphotography\/\" class=\"wp-block-social-link-anchor\"><svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12,4.622c2.403,0,2.688,0.009,3.637,0.052c0.877,0.04,1.354,0.187,1.671,0.31c0.42,0.163,0.72,0.358,1.035,0.673 c0.315,0.315,0.51,0.615,0.673,1.035c0.123,0.317,0.27,0.794,0.31,1.671c0.043,0.949,0.052,1.234,0.052,3.637 s-0.009,2.688-0.052,3.637c-0.04,0.877-0.187,1.354-0.31,1.671c-0.163,0.42-0.358,0.72-0.673,1.035 c-0.315,0.315-0.615,0.51-1.035,0.673c-0.317,0.123-0.794,0.27-1.671,0.31c-0.949,0.043-1.233,0.052-3.637,0.052 s-2.688-0.009-3.637-0.052c-0.877-0.04-1.354-0.187-1.671-0.31c-0.42-0.163-0.72-0.358-1.035-0.673 c-0.315-0.315-0.51-0.615-0.673-1.035c-0.123-0.317-0.27-0.794-0.31-1.671C4.631,14.688,4.622,14.403,4.622,12 s0.009-2.688,0.052-3.637c0.04-0.877,0.187-1.354,0.31-1.671c0.163-0.42,0.358-0.72,0.673-1.035 c0.315-0.315,0.615-0.51,1.035-0.673c0.317-0.123,0.794-0.27,1.671-0.31C9.312,4.631,9.597,4.622,12,4.622 M12,3 C9.556,3,9.249,3.01,8.289,3.054C7.331,3.098,6.677,3.25,6.105,3.472C5.513,3.702,5.011,4.01,4.511,4.511 c-0.5,0.5-0.808,1.002-1.038,1.594C3.25,6.677,3.098,7.331,3.054,8.289C3.01,9.249,3,9.556,3,12c0,2.444,0.01,2.751,0.054,3.711 c0.044,0.958,0.196,1.612,0.418,2.185c0.23,0.592,0.538,1.094,1.038,1.594c0.5,0.5,1.002,0.808,1.594,1.038 c0.572,0.222,1.227,0.375,2.185,0.418C9.249,20.99,9.556,21,12,21s2.751-0.01,3.711-0.054c0.958-0.044,1.612-0.196,2.185-0.418 c0.592-0.23,1.094-0.538,1.594-1.038c0.5-0.5,0.808-1.002,1.038-1.594c0.222-0.572,0.375-1.227,0.418-2.185 C20.99,14.751,21,14.444,21,12s-0.01-2.751-0.054-3.711c-0.044-0.958-0.196-1.612-0.418-2.185c-0.23-0.592-0.538-1.094-1.038-1.594 c-0.5-0.5-1.002-0.808-1.594-1.038c-0.572-0.222-1.227-0.375-2.185-0.418C14.751,3.01,14.444,3,12,3L12,3z M12,7.378 c-2.552,0-4.622,2.069-4.622,4.622S9.448,16.622,12,16.622s4.622-2.069,4.622-4.622S14.552,7.378,12,7.378z M12,15 c-1.657,0-3-1.343-3-3s1.343-3,3-3s3,1.343,3,3S13.657,15,12,15z M16.804,6.116c-0.596,0-1.08,0.484-1.08,1.08 s0.484,1.08,1.08,1.08c0.596,0,1.08-0.484,1.08-1.08S17.401,6.116,16.804,6.116z\"><\/path><\/svg><span class=\"wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text\">Instagram<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n<li class=\"wp-social-link wp-social-link-facebook wp-block-social-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/leepullenphotography\" class=\"wp-block-social-link-anchor\"><svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12c0 5 3.7 9.1 8.4 9.9v-7H7.9V12h2.5V9.8c0-2.5 1.5-3.9 3.8-3.9 1.1 0 2.2.2 2.2.2v2.5h-1.3c-1.2 0-1.6.8-1.6 1.6V12h2.8l-.4 2.9h-2.3v7C18.3 21.1 22 17 22 12c0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10z\"><\/path><\/svg><span class=\"wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text\">Facebook<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style id=\"ua-reading-image-width-216\">\n#post-216 .entry-content figure.wp-block-image {\n  width: min(100%, 780px) !important;\n  max-width: 780px !important;\n  margin-left: auto !important;\n  margin-right: auto !important;\n}\n#post-216 .entry-content .wp-block-gallery figure.wp-block-image,\n#post-216 .entry-content .ua-retail-grid figure.wp-block-image,\n#post-216 .entry-content .ua-retail-card figure.wp-block-image,\n#post-216 .entry-content .ua-equipment-card figure.wp-block-image,\n#post-216 .entry-content .ua-stellardrive-build-gallery figure.wp-block-image,\n#post-216 .entry-content .ua-stellardrive-main-gallery figure.wp-block-image,\n#post-216 .entry-content .ua-asiair-gallery figure.wp-block-image,\n#post-216 .entry-content .ua-phq-gallery figure.wp-block-image {\n  width: auto !important;\n  max-width: none !important;\n  margin-left: 0 !important;\n  margin-right: 0 !important;\n}\n<\/style>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/osc-vs-mono-from-a-city\/\" class=\"more-link\">View article<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">OSC vs Mono Astrophotography From a City: Which Works Best?<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2506,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_vp_format_video_url":"","_vp_image_focal_point":[],"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[26],"tags":[],"object-type":[],"imaging-filter":[],"image-year":[],"telescope":[],"camera":[],"class_list":["post-216","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles"],"featured_image_src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?fit=2048%2C2048&ssl=1","author_info":{"display_name":"Lee","author_link":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/author\/lee\/"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>OSC vs Mono Astrophotography From a City: Which Works Best? - Urban Astrophotography<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A practical comparison of one-shot colour and monochrome astrophotography from a city, covering cost, capture time, processing, and image quality.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"OSC vs Mono Astrophotography From a City: Which Works Best? - Urban Astrophotography\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A practical comparison of one-shot colour and monochrome astrophotography from a city, covering cost, capture time, processing, and image quality.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/osc-vs-mono-from-a-city\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Urban Astrophotography\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-06-12T21:59:28+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-09-19T07:46:12+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2048\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"2048\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Lee\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Lee\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"14 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/osc-vs-mono-from-a-city\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/osc-vs-mono-from-a-city\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Lee\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/staging\\\/7355\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/050340713e12d812b9628234b49d8fc2\"},\"headline\":\"OSC vs Mono Astrophotography From a City: Which Works Best?\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-06-12T21:59:28+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-09-19T07:46:12+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/osc-vs-mono-from-a-city\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":2524,\"commentCount\":15,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/staging\\\/7355\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/osc-vs-mono-from-a-city\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/staging\\\/7355\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/06\\\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?fit=2048%2C2048&ssl=1\",\"articleSection\":[\"Articles\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/osc-vs-mono-from-a-city\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/osc-vs-mono-from-a-city\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/osc-vs-mono-from-a-city\\\/\",\"name\":\"OSC vs Mono Astrophotography From a City: Which Works Best? - Urban Astrophotography\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/staging\\\/7355\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/osc-vs-mono-from-a-city\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/osc-vs-mono-from-a-city\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/staging\\\/7355\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/06\\\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?fit=2048%2C2048&ssl=1\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-06-12T21:59:28+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-09-19T07:46:12+00:00\",\"description\":\"A practical comparison of one-shot colour and monochrome astrophotography from a city, covering cost, capture time, processing, and image quality.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/osc-vs-mono-from-a-city\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/osc-vs-mono-from-a-city\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/osc-vs-mono-from-a-city\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/staging\\\/7355\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/06\\\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?fit=2048%2C2048&ssl=1\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/staging\\\/7355\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/06\\\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?fit=2048%2C2048&ssl=1\",\"width\":2048,\"height\":2048,\"caption\":\"OSC vs Mono Astrophotography From a City: Which Works Best?\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/osc-vs-mono-from-a-city\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"OSC vs Mono Astrophotography From a City: Which Works Best?\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/staging\\\/7355\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/staging\\\/7355\\\/\",\"name\":\"Urban Astrophotography\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/staging\\\/7355\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/staging\\\/7355\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/staging\\\/7355\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Urban Astrophotography\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/staging\\\/7355\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/staging\\\/7355\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/staging\\\/7355\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/07\\\/UA-logo-with-OSC-250px.png?fit=302%2C250&ssl=1\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/staging\\\/7355\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/07\\\/UA-logo-with-OSC-250px.png?fit=302%2C250&ssl=1\",\"width\":302,\"height\":250,\"caption\":\"Urban Astrophotography\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/staging\\\/7355\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/staging\\\/7355\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/050340713e12d812b9628234b49d8fc2\",\"name\":\"Lee\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/60ff3d825e424e729c26181a0e1acb658cde13d3b4d6a1b446fd54653d969ab4?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/60ff3d825e424e729c26181a0e1acb658cde13d3b4d6a1b446fd54653d969ab4?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/60ff3d825e424e729c26181a0e1acb658cde13d3b4d6a1b446fd54653d969ab4?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Lee\"},\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/urbanastrophotography.com\\\/staging\\\/7355\\\/author\\\/lee\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"OSC vs Mono Astrophotography From a City: Which Works Best? - Urban Astrophotography","description":"A practical comparison of one-shot colour and monochrome astrophotography from a city, covering cost, capture time, processing, and image quality.","robots":{"index":"noindex","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"OSC vs Mono Astrophotography From a City: Which Works Best? - Urban Astrophotography","og_description":"A practical comparison of one-shot colour and monochrome astrophotography from a city, covering cost, capture time, processing, and image quality.","og_url":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/osc-vs-mono-from-a-city\/","og_site_name":"Urban Astrophotography","article_published_time":"2021-06-12T21:59:28+00:00","article_modified_time":"2026-09-19T07:46:12+00:00","og_image":[{"width":2048,"height":2048,"url":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Lee","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Lee","Est. reading time":"14 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/osc-vs-mono-from-a-city\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/osc-vs-mono-from-a-city\/"},"author":{"name":"Lee","@id":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/#\/schema\/person\/050340713e12d812b9628234b49d8fc2"},"headline":"OSC vs Mono Astrophotography From a City: Which Works Best?","datePublished":"2021-06-12T21:59:28+00:00","dateModified":"2026-09-19T07:46:12+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/osc-vs-mono-from-a-city\/"},"wordCount":2524,"commentCount":15,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/osc-vs-mono-from-a-city\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?fit=2048%2C2048&ssl=1","articleSection":["Articles"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/osc-vs-mono-from-a-city\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/osc-vs-mono-from-a-city\/","url":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/osc-vs-mono-from-a-city\/","name":"OSC vs Mono Astrophotography From a City: Which Works Best? - Urban Astrophotography","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/osc-vs-mono-from-a-city\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/osc-vs-mono-from-a-city\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?fit=2048%2C2048&ssl=1","datePublished":"2021-06-12T21:59:28+00:00","dateModified":"2026-09-19T07:46:12+00:00","description":"A practical comparison of one-shot colour and monochrome astrophotography from a city, covering cost, capture time, processing, and image quality.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/osc-vs-mono-from-a-city\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/osc-vs-mono-from-a-city\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/osc-vs-mono-from-a-city\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?fit=2048%2C2048&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?fit=2048%2C2048&ssl=1","width":2048,"height":2048,"caption":"OSC vs Mono Astrophotography From a City: Which Works Best?"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/osc-vs-mono-from-a-city\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"OSC vs Mono Astrophotography From a City: Which Works Best?"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/#website","url":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/","name":"Urban Astrophotography","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/#organization","name":"Urban Astrophotography","url":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/UA-logo-with-OSC-250px.png?fit=302%2C250&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/UA-logo-with-OSC-250px.png?fit=302%2C250&ssl=1","width":302,"height":250,"caption":"Urban Astrophotography"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/#\/schema\/person\/050340713e12d812b9628234b49d8fc2","name":"Lee","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/60ff3d825e424e729c26181a0e1acb658cde13d3b4d6a1b446fd54653d969ab4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/60ff3d825e424e729c26181a0e1acb658cde13d3b4d6a1b446fd54653d969ab4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/60ff3d825e424e729c26181a0e1acb658cde13d3b4d6a1b446fd54653d969ab4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Lee"},"url":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/author\/lee\/"}]}},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?fit=2048%2C2048&ssl=1",2048,2048,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?resize=150%2C150&ssl=1",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?fit=300%2C300&ssl=1",300,300,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?fit=768%2C768&ssl=1",768,768,true],"large":["https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?fit=880%2C880&ssl=1",880,880,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?fit=1536%2C1536&ssl=1",1536,1536,true],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?fit=2048%2C2048&ssl=1",2048,2048,true],"vp_sm":["https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?fit=500%2C500&ssl=1",500,500,true],"vp_md":["https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?fit=800%2C800&ssl=1",800,800,true],"vp_lg":["https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?fit=1280%2C1280&ssl=1",1280,1280,true],"vp_xl":["https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?fit=1920%2C1920&ssl=1",1920,1920,true],"vp_sm_popup":["https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?fit=500%2C500&ssl=1",500,500,true],"vp_md_popup":["https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?fit=800%2C800&ssl=1",800,800,true],"vp_xl_popup":["https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?fit=1920%2C1920&ssl=1",1920,1920,true],"post-thumbnail":["https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?resize=666%2C666&ssl=1",666,666,true],"signify-slider":["https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?resize=1920%2C1080&ssl=1",1920,1080,true],"signify-featured-content":["https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?resize=440%2C330&ssl=1",440,330,true],"signify-photography":["https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?resize=507%2C338&ssl=1",507,338,true],"signify-promotion-headline":["https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?resize=920%2C690&ssl=1",920,690,true]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Lee","author_link":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/author\/lee\/"},"uagb_comment_info":15,"uagb_excerpt":"View articleOSC vs Mono Astrophotography From a City: Which Works Best?","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/OSCvsMono_1x1.jpg?fit=2048%2C2048&ssl=1","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/216","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=216"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/216\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17303,"href":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/216\/revisions\/17303"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2506"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=216"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=216"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=216"},{"taxonomy":"object-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/object-type?post=216"},{"taxonomy":"imaging-filter","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/imaging-filter?post=216"},{"taxonomy":"image-year","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/image-year?post=216"},{"taxonomy":"telescope","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/telescope?post=216"},{"taxonomy":"camera","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/camera?post=216"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}