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electricity.\",\"kind\":\"Article\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/how-to-use-mains-power-for-your-asiair-plus\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/MainsPower_1x1.jpg\"},\"1745\":{\"title\":\"Askar 130PHQ\",\"copy\":\"Explore my experience with the telescope.\",\"kind\":\"Review\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/review-askar-130phq-flatfield-astrograph\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/MyAstroKit_1x1.jpg\"},\"1747\":{\"title\":\"Dualband Filter Shootout\",\"copy\":\"Compare L-eXtreme, L-Ultimate and Colour Magic 6nm filters.\",\"kind\":\"Review\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/dualband-filter-shootout-l-extreme-vs-l-ultimate-vs-colour-magic-6nm\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Dualband-shootout.jpg\"},\"1752\":{\"title\":\"Eagle Image Stacker\",\"copy\":\"Read my review of the image-stacking software.\",\"kind\":\"Review\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/review-eagle-image-stacker\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/EagleImageStacker_1x1.jpg\"},\"1754\":{\"title\":\"William Optics 50mm Guidescope\",\"copy\":\"Read my review of the ROTO Lock guidescope.\",\"kind\":\"Review\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/review-william-optics-50mm-guidescope-with-1-25-roto-lock\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/WOGuidescope_1x1.jpg\"},\"1834\":{\"title\":\"Talks and Presentations\",\"copy\":\"Explore my talks about astrophotography and the night sky.\",\"kind\":\"About\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/talks\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Talks_1x1.jpg\"},\"1852\":{\"title\":\"Framing Custom Targets With ASIAIR\",\"copy\":\"Plan the framing of your next astrophotography 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filter.\",\"kind\":\"Review\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/review-optolong-l-quad-enhance\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/LQEF.jpeg\"},\"3151\":{\"title\":\"Choosing a Filter for an OSC Camera\",\"copy\":\"Explore broadband and narrowband filter choices.\",\"kind\":\"Article\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/guide-which-filter-should-i-use-with-my-osc-camera\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/001-March-19-2024-FilterChoice_1x1-LEE-PULLEN-PHOTOGRAPHY.jpg\"},\"3180\":{\"title\":\"PixInsight IntegerResample\",\"copy\":\"Read about when to bin your astrophotography data.\",\"kind\":\"Article\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/pixinsight-guide-integerresample-knowing-when-to-bin-your-data\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IntegerResample_1x1.jpg\"},\"5424\":{\"title\":\"Askar E2 vs D2\",\"copy\":\"Compare the two SII\/OIII filters.\",\"kind\":\"Review\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/review-askar-colour-magic-e2-sii-oiii-filter-e2-vs-d2\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/v2_E2_starless-3.jpg\"},\"9780\":{\"title\":\"Immersed in Starlight\",\"copy\":\"Explore my astrophotography exhibition.\",\"kind\":\"Article\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/exhibition-immersed-in-starlight\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Immersed_1x1_UAres.webp\"},\"11623\":{\"title\":\"ZWO ASI 220MM Mini\",\"copy\":\"Read my review of the guide camera.\",\"kind\":\"Review\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/review-zwo-asi-220mm-mini\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/ZWO220MMUAres_1x1.webp\"},\"11624\":{\"title\":\"Askar M54 Off-Axis Guider\",\"copy\":\"Explore the off-axis guider in my setup.\",\"kind\":\"Review\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/review-askar-m54-off-axis-guider\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/AskarOAG_UAres_1x1.webp\"},\"11654\":{\"title\":\"StellarDrive X 6R PRO\",\"copy\":\"See how the mount performs in my imaging setup.\",\"kind\":\"Review\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/review-stellardrive-x-6r-pro-mount-darkframe-optics\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/001-Stellardrive-UAres_1x1-16-Jan-2026-NZ8_5637-LEE-PULLEN-PHOTOGRAPHY.webp\"},\"13036\":{\"title\":\"Svbony SV535\",\"copy\":\"Explore my review of the 105mm f\/2.8 astrograph.\",\"kind\":\"Review\",\"href\":\"\/staging\/7355\/review-svbony-sv535-105mm-f-2-8-astrograph\/\",\"src\":\"\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Svbony535_UAres_1x1.webp\"}},map={\"216\":[1258,3151,325],\"314\":[11654,11624,1258],\"317\":[1018,2544,2274],\"320\":[314,1018,1834],\"325\":[1096,1661,2274],\"327\":[3025,3151,1747],\"425\":[314,11654,2346],\"899\":[9780,320,1834],\"957\":[2544,3180,2346],\"1018\":[314,216,3151],\"1096\":[1661,1852,325],\"1182\":[2544,425,314],\"1236\":[314,1661,325],\"1258\":[216,3151,3005],\"1299\":[1745,13036,1381],\"1350\":[216,3180,425],\"1381\":[1400,1754,11624],\"1400\":[11623,1381,1754],\"1444\":[2544,2346,3180],\"1661\":[1096,314,325],\"1745\":[1299,13036,11624],\"1747\":[1958,5424,3151],\"1752\":[2544,1444,2132],\"1754\":[1381,11623,11624],\"1834\":[9780,2953,320],\"1852\":[1096,2274,2953],\"1958\":[5424,1747,3151],\"2132\":[2346,1444,2544],\"2274\":[1852,325,1018],\"2346\":[1444,3180,2132],\"2544\":[1444,1182,3180],\"2610\":[1958,5424,2544],\"2915\":[2953,1018,1852],\"2953\":[2915,1834,1018],\"3005\":[1258,11623,314],\"3025\":[327,3151,1747],\"3151\":[1747,3025,1958],\"3180\":[2544,2346,1258],\"5424\":[1958,1747,3151],\"9780\":[1834,899,320],\"11623\":[11624,1400,11654],\"11624\":[11623,1754,11654],\"11654\":[11624,11623,314],\"13036\":[1299,1745,1258]},id=post.id.replace('post-',''),items=map[id];if(!items)return;const section=document.createElement('section');section.id='related-content';section.className='ua-related-content';section.setAttribute('aria-labelledby','ua-related-heading');const heading=document.createElement('h2');heading.id='ua-related-heading';heading.textContent='Related content';const grid=document.createElement('div');grid.className='ua-related-grid';section.append(heading,grid);items.forEach(key=>{const item=cards[key],a=document.createElement('a'),img=document.createElement('img'),body=document.createElement('div'),kind=document.createElement('span'),title=document.createElement('h3'),copy=document.createElement('p'),more=document.createElement('span');a.className='ua-related-link';a.href=item.href;img.src=item.src;img.alt='';img.loading='lazy';img.decoding='async';img.width=800;img.height=600;body.className='ua-related-copy';kind.className='ua-related-kind';kind.textContent=item.kind;title.textContent=item.title;copy.textContent=id==='11623'&&key===1400?'Read my review of the other guide camera in the comparison.':item.copy;more.className='ua-related-more';more.textContent=item.kind==='Review'?'Read review \u2192':item.kind==='Article'?'Read article \u2192':'Explore \u2192';body.append(kind,title,copy,more);a.append(img,body);grid.append(a)});const footer=root.querySelector('.ua-editorial-footer');if(footer)footer.before(section);else root.append(section);post.closest('main')?.querySelector('nav.post-navigation')?.remove();}if(document.readyState==='loading')document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',addRelated);else addRelated();})();<\/script>\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/json\" class=\"ua-editorial-config\">{\"id\":3180,\"kind\":\"Articles\",\"route\":\"articles\",\"main\":[[0,\"Introduction\"],[2,\"Background\"],[3,\"Examples\"],[5,\"Sampling\"],[6,\"Trade-offs\"],[8,\"Guiding\"],[9,\"Upsampling\"],[10,\"Conclusion\"]],\"insert\":[3,6],\"rollout\":true}<\/script>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull wp-duotone-unset-1\" style=\"min-height:500px;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"880\" height=\"438\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-3183 size-full\" alt=\"PixInsight screenshot\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/CygnusWall_PSF.jpg?resize=880%2C438&#038;ssl=1\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/CygnusWall_PSF.jpg?w=1776&amp;ssl=1 1776w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/CygnusWall_PSF.jpg?resize=300%2C149&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/CygnusWall_PSF.jpg?resize=1024%2C510&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/CygnusWall_PSF.jpg?resize=768%2C382&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/CygnusWall_PSF.jpg?resize=1536%2C765&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/CygnusWall_PSF.jpg?resize=500%2C249&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/CygnusWall_PSF.jpg?resize=800%2C398&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/CygnusWall_PSF.jpg?resize=1280%2C637&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 880px) 100vw, 880px\" \/><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-eighty-black-background-color has-background-dim-70 has-background-dim\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-cover-is-layout-constrained\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_5bf9f6-1d, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_5bf9f6-1d[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_5bf9f6-1d\"]{text-align:center;font-size:var(--global-kb-font-size-xxl, 4rem);font-style:normal;text-shadow:0px 3px 6px #000000;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_5bf9f6-1d mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_5bf9f6-1d[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_5bf9f6-1d\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_5bf9f6-1d img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_5bf9f6-1d[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_5bf9f6-1d\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_5bf9f6-1d, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_5bf9f6-1d[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_5bf9f6-1d\"]{text-shadow:0px 3px 6px #000000;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_5bf9f6-1d, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_5bf9f6-1d[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_5bf9f6-1d\"]{text-shadow:0px 3px 6px #000000;}}<\/style>\n<h1 class=\"kt-adv-heading3180_5bf9f6-1d wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_5bf9f6-1d\">PixInsight IntegerResample Guide: <br>When to Bin Your Astrophotography Data<\/h1>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_66db22-b0, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_66db22-b0[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_66db22-b0\"]{text-align:center;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-family:Oxygen;text-shadow:1px 1px 6px #000000;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_66db22-b0 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_66db22-b0[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_66db22-b0\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_66db22-b0 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_66db22-b0[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_66db22-b0\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_66db22-b0, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_66db22-b0[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_66db22-b0\"]{text-shadow:1px 1px 6px #000000;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_66db22-b0, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_66db22-b0[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_66db22-b0\"]{text-shadow:1px 1px 6px #000000;}}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading3180_66db22-b0 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_66db22-b0\">First published April 2024<br>Last updated February 2026<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-3180_8fdf98-43 .kt-block-spacer{height:6px;}.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-3180_8fdf98-43 .kt-divider{border-top-width:2px;border-top-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.60);width:30%;border-top-style:solid;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-spacer aligncenter kt-block-spacer-3180_8fdf98-43\"><div class=\"kt-block-spacer kt-block-spacer-halign-center\"><hr class=\"kt-divider\"\/><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id3180_aafeea-e9{margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);}.kb-row-layout-id3180_aafeea-e9 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id3180_aafeea-e9 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_aafeea-e9 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-none, 0rem );max-width:900px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, calc(30% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem) * 1 )\/2)))minmax(0, calc(70% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem) * 1 )\/2)));}.kb-row-layout-id3180_aafeea-e9{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;overflow:clip;isolation:isolate;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_aafeea-e9 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_aafeea-e9 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_aafeea-e9 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:100px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_aafeea-e9 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:100%;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_aafeea-e9 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{fill:#ffffff!important;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_aafeea-e9 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_aafeea-e9 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_aafeea-e9 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_aafeea-e9 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id3180_aafeea-e9 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_aafeea-e9 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id3180_aafeea-e9 alignnone has-eighty-black-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\" id=\"intro\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-2-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column3180_9f5f50-7b > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column3180_9f5f50-7b > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column3180_9f5f50-7b > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column3180_9f5f50-7b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column3180_9f5f50-7b > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column3180_9f5f50-7b > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column3180_9f5f50-7b{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column3180_9f5f50-7b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column3180_9f5f50-7b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column3180_9f5f50-7b\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn.kb-btns3180_7402d2-90{padding-top:6px;gap:3px;flex-direction:row;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:center;}.kt-btns3180_7402d2-90 .kt-button{font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;}.kt-btns3180_7402d2-90 .kt-btn-wrap-0{margin-right:5px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn.kt-btns3180_7402d2-90 .kt-btn-wrap-0 .kt-button{color:#555555;border-color:#555555;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn.kt-btns3180_7402d2-90 .kt-btn-wrap-0 .kt-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn.kt-btns3180_7402d2-90 .kt-btn-wrap-0 .kt-button:focus{color:#ffffff;border-color:#444444;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn.kt-btns3180_7402d2-90 .kt-btn-wrap-0 .kt-button::before{display:none;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn.kt-btns3180_7402d2-90 .kt-btn-wrap-0 .kt-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn.kt-btns3180_7402d2-90 .kt-btn-wrap-0 .kt-button:focus{background:#444444;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn.kb-btns3180_7402d2-90{justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"toc-rail wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn kb-buttons-wrap kb-btns3180_7402d2-90\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_c03348-3d.kb-button, ul.menu .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_c03348-3d.kb-button{width:210px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_c03348-3d.kb-button{color:#ffffff;background:#363636;font-size:15px;line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:-0.01px;font-family:Oxygen;font-weight:400;text-transform:none;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_c03348-3d.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_c03348-3d.kb-button:focus{color:#ffffff;background:#363636;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_c03348-3d.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_c03348-3d.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_c03348-3d.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_c03348-3d.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_c03348-3d.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_c03348-3d.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}<\/style><a class=\"kb-button kt-button button kb-btn3180_c03348-3d kt-btn-size-small kt-btn-width-type-fixed kb-btn-global-fill kt-btn-has-text-true kt-btn-has-svg-false wp-block-kadence-singlebtn\" href=\"#intro\"><span class=\"kt-btn-inner-text\"><strong>Contents<\/strong><\/span><\/a>\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_1c2d87-fe.kb-button, ul.menu .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_1c2d87-fe.kb-button{width:210px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_1c2d87-fe.kb-button{color:#e0e0e0;background:rgba(0,0,0,0);font-size:15px;line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:-0.01px;font-family:Oxygen;font-weight:400;text-transform:none;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_1c2d87-fe.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_1c2d87-fe.kb-button:focus{color:#ffffff;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.08);border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_1c2d87-fe.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_1c2d87-fe.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_1c2d87-fe.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_1c2d87-fe.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_1c2d87-fe.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_1c2d87-fe.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}<\/style><a class=\"kb-button kt-button button kb-btn3180_1c2d87-fe kt-btn-size-small kt-btn-width-type-fixed kb-btn-global-fill kt-btn-has-text-true kt-btn-has-svg-false wp-block-kadence-singlebtn\" href=\"#massive-disclaimer\"><span class=\"kt-btn-inner-text\">Massive disclaimer<\/span><\/a>\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_1334de-27.kb-button, ul.menu .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_1334de-27.kb-button{width:210px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_1334de-27.kb-button{color:#e0e0e0;background:rgba(0,0,0,0);font-size:15px;line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:-0.01px;font-family:Oxygen;font-weight:400;text-transform:none;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_1334de-27.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_1334de-27.kb-button:focus{color:#ffffff;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.08);border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_1334de-27.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_1334de-27.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_1334de-27.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_1334de-27.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_1334de-27.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_1334de-27.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}<\/style><a class=\"kb-button kt-button button kb-btn3180_1334de-27 kt-btn-size-small kt-btn-width-type-fixed kb-btn-global-fill kt-btn-has-text-true kt-btn-has-svg-false wp-block-kadence-singlebtn\" href=\"#background\"><span class=\"kt-btn-inner-text\">A bit of background\u2026<\/span><\/a>\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_a4137d-91.kb-button, ul.menu .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_a4137d-91.kb-button{width:210px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_a4137d-91.kb-button{color:#e0e0e0;background:rgba(0,0,0,0);font-size:15px;line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:-0.01px;font-family:Oxygen;font-weight:400;text-transform:none;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_a4137d-91.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_a4137d-91.kb-button:focus{color:#ffffff;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.08);border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_a4137d-91.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_a4137d-91.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_a4137d-91.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_a4137d-91.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_a4137d-91.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_a4137d-91.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}<\/style><a class=\"kb-button kt-button button kb-btn3180_a4137d-91 kt-btn-size-small kt-btn-width-type-fixed kb-btn-global-fill kt-btn-has-text-true kt-btn-has-svg-false wp-block-kadence-singlebtn\" href=\"#1\"><span class=\"kt-btn-inner-text\">Example 1<\/span><\/a>\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_8b6671-9d.kb-button, ul.menu .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_8b6671-9d.kb-button{width:210px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_8b6671-9d.kb-button{color:#e0e0e0;background:rgba(0,0,0,0);font-size:15px;line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:-0.01px;font-family:Oxygen;font-weight:400;text-transform:none;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_8b6671-9d.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_8b6671-9d.kb-button:focus{color:#ffffff;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.08);border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_8b6671-9d.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_8b6671-9d.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_8b6671-9d.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_8b6671-9d.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_8b6671-9d.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_8b6671-9d.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}<\/style><a class=\"kb-button kt-button button kb-btn3180_8b6671-9d kt-btn-size-small kt-btn-width-type-fixed kb-btn-global-fill kt-btn-has-text-true kt-btn-has-svg-false wp-block-kadence-singlebtn\" href=\"#2\"><span class=\"kt-btn-inner-text\">Example 2<\/span><\/a>\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_be386c-38.kb-button, ul.menu .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_be386c-38.kb-button{width:210px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_be386c-38.kb-button{color:#e0e0e0;background:rgba(0,0,0,0);font-size:15px;line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:-0.01px;font-family:Oxygen;font-weight:400;text-transform:none;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_be386c-38.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_be386c-38.kb-button:focus{color:#ffffff;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.08);border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_be386c-38.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_be386c-38.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_be386c-38.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_be386c-38.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_be386c-38.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_be386c-38.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}<\/style><a class=\"kb-button kt-button button kb-btn3180_be386c-38 kt-btn-size-small kt-btn-width-type-fixed kb-btn-global-fill kt-btn-has-text-true kt-btn-has-svg-false wp-block-kadence-singlebtn\" href=\"#undersampled-or-oversampled\"><span class=\"kt-btn-inner-text\">Under or oversampled?<\/span><\/a>\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_72248b-4a.kb-button, ul.menu .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_72248b-4a.kb-button{width:210px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_72248b-4a.kb-button{color:#e0e0e0;background:rgba(0,0,0,0);font-size:15px;line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:-0.01px;font-family:Oxygen;font-weight:400;text-transform:none;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_72248b-4a.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_72248b-4a.kb-button:focus{color:#ffffff;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.08);border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_72248b-4a.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_72248b-4a.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_72248b-4a.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_72248b-4a.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_72248b-4a.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_72248b-4a.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}<\/style><a class=\"kb-button kt-button button kb-btn3180_72248b-4a kt-btn-size-small kt-btn-width-type-fixed kb-btn-global-fill kt-btn-has-text-true kt-btn-has-svg-false wp-block-kadence-singlebtn\" href=\"#downside\"><span class=\"kt-btn-inner-text\">The downside to binning<\/span><\/a>\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_3f3a8e-1d.kb-button, ul.menu .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_3f3a8e-1d.kb-button{width:210px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_3f3a8e-1d.kb-button{color:#e0e0e0;background:rgba(0,0,0,0);font-size:15px;line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:-0.01px;font-family:Oxygen;font-weight:400;text-transform:none;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_3f3a8e-1d.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_3f3a8e-1d.kb-button:focus{color:#ffffff;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.08);border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_3f3a8e-1d.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_3f3a8e-1d.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_3f3a8e-1d.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_3f3a8e-1d.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_3f3a8e-1d.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_3f3a8e-1d.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}<\/style><a class=\"kb-button kt-button button kb-btn3180_3f3a8e-1d kt-btn-size-small kt-btn-width-type-fixed kb-btn-global-fill kt-btn-has-text-true kt-btn-has-svg-false wp-block-kadence-singlebtn\" href=\"#upside\"><span class=\"kt-btn-inner-text\">The upside to binning<\/span><\/a>\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_49b3e7-c5.kb-button, ul.menu .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_49b3e7-c5.kb-button{width:210px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_49b3e7-c5.kb-button{color:#e0e0e0;background:rgba(0,0,0,0);font-size:15px;line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:-0.01px;font-family:Oxygen;font-weight:400;text-transform:none;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_49b3e7-c5.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_49b3e7-c5.kb-button:focus{color:#ffffff;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.08);border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_49b3e7-c5.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_49b3e7-c5.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_49b3e7-c5.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_49b3e7-c5.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_49b3e7-c5.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_49b3e7-c5.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}<\/style><a class=\"kb-button kt-button button kb-btn3180_49b3e7-c5 kt-btn-size-small kt-btn-width-type-fixed kb-btn-global-fill kt-btn-has-text-true kt-btn-has-svg-false wp-block-kadence-singlebtn\" href=\"#guiding\"><span class=\"kt-btn-inner-text\">Guiding<\/span><\/a>\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_ee0d2c-6a.kb-button, ul.menu .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_ee0d2c-6a.kb-button{width:210px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_ee0d2c-6a.kb-button{color:#e0e0e0;background:rgba(0,0,0,0);font-size:15px;line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:-0.01px;font-family:Oxygen;font-weight:400;text-transform:none;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_ee0d2c-6a.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_ee0d2c-6a.kb-button:focus{color:#ffffff;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.08);border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_ee0d2c-6a.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_ee0d2c-6a.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_ee0d2c-6a.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_ee0d2c-6a.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_ee0d2c-6a.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_ee0d2c-6a.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}<\/style><a class=\"kb-button kt-button button kb-btn3180_ee0d2c-6a kt-btn-size-small kt-btn-width-type-fixed kb-btn-global-fill kt-btn-has-text-true kt-btn-has-svg-false wp-block-kadence-singlebtn\" href=\"#upsample\"><span class=\"kt-btn-inner-text\">Upsample at the end<\/span><\/a>\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_5261f5-52.kb-button, ul.menu .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_5261f5-52.kb-button{width:210px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_5261f5-52.kb-button{color:#e0e0e0;background:rgba(0,0,0,0);font-size:15px;line-height:1.3;letter-spacing:-0.01px;font-family:Oxygen;font-weight:400;text-transform:none;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_5261f5-52.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_5261f5-52.kb-button:focus{color:#ffffff;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.08);border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_5261f5-52.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_5261f5-52.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_5261f5-52.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_5261f5-52.kb-button{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.22);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_5261f5-52.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3180_5261f5-52.kb-button:focus{border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.35);}}<\/style><a class=\"kb-button kt-button button kb-btn3180_5261f5-52 kt-btn-size-small kt-btn-width-type-fixed kb-btn-global-fill kt-btn-has-text-true kt-btn-has-svg-false wp-block-kadence-singlebtn\" href=\"#makes-sense\"><span class=\"kt-btn-inner-text\">Makes sense?<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column3180_e9c7b2-db > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column3180_e9c7b2-db > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column3180_e9c7b2-db > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column3180_e9c7b2-db > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column3180_e9c7b2-db > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column3180_e9c7b2-db > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column3180_e9c7b2-db{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column3180_e9c7b2-db > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column3180_e9c7b2-db > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column3180_e9c7b2-db\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_01d65b-05, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_01d65b-05[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_01d65b-05\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_01d65b-05 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_01d65b-05[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_01d65b-05\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_01d65b-05 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_01d65b-05[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_01d65b-05\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 class=\"kt-adv-heading3180_01d65b-05 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_01d65b-05\">Intro<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\"><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Binning is a topic that confuses a lot of astrophotographers, myself included! In simple terms, it involves combining pixels to trade resolution for improved signal and noise performance. In this guide, I focus on using <a href=\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/review-pixinsight\/\" type=\"post\" id=\"1444\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">PixInsight<\/a> to help you decide whether binning your data makes sense, and when it can genuinely improve results rather than throwing away useful detail.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id3180_ceac0d-da{margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);}.kb-row-layout-id3180_ceac0d-da > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id3180_ceac0d-da > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_ceac0d-da > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-none, 0rem );max-width:900px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id3180_ceac0d-da{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;overflow:clip;isolation:isolate;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_ceac0d-da > .kt-row-layout-overlay{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_ceac0d-da > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_ceac0d-da ,.kb-row-layout-id3180_ceac0d-da h1,.kb-row-layout-id3180_ceac0d-da h2,.kb-row-layout-id3180_ceac0d-da h3,.kb-row-layout-id3180_ceac0d-da h4,.kb-row-layout-id3180_ceac0d-da h5,.kb-row-layout-id3180_ceac0d-da h6{color:#ffffff;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_ceac0d-da .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:100px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_ceac0d-da .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:100%;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_ceac0d-da .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{fill:#ffffff!important;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_ceac0d-da > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_ceac0d-da .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_ceac0d-da .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_ceac0d-da > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id3180_ceac0d-da .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_ceac0d-da .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id3180_ceac0d-da alignnone has-eighty-black-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column3180_4e1a10-df > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column3180_4e1a10-df > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column3180_4e1a10-df > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column3180_4e1a10-df > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column3180_4e1a10-df > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column3180_4e1a10-df > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column3180_4e1a10-df{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column3180_4e1a10-df > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column3180_4e1a10-df > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column3180_4e1a10-df\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_aa9e9e-93, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_aa9e9e-93[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_aa9e9e-93\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_aa9e9e-93 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_aa9e9e-93[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_aa9e9e-93\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_aa9e9e-93 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_aa9e9e-93[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_aa9e9e-93\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 id=\"massive-disclaimer\" class=\"kt-adv-heading3180_aa9e9e-93 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_aa9e9e-93\">Massive disclaimer<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Let me begin by making clear that I don\u2019t fully understand binning! It\u2019s a complex topic, and if you want to really comprehend it, then this guide isn\u2019t for you. But, if you just want a top-level understanding, and to ultimately know whether or not you should bin your data, then hopefully this will do the trick. <br><br>I can\u2019t promise that all my info is accurate, but the method I outline does work. Any useful info I impart is thanks to the good folks over on&nbsp;The Stargazers Lounge, who have taught me basically everything I know. If you\u2019re not already a member, I recommend joining. <br><br>If you\u2019d like to correct anything I get wrong in this guide, then please leave a comment at the end or&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/contact\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">contact me here<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id3180_f128f9-b0{margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);}.kb-row-layout-id3180_f128f9-b0 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id3180_f128f9-b0 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_f128f9-b0 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-none, 0rem );max-width:900px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id3180_f128f9-b0{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;overflow:clip;isolation:isolate;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_f128f9-b0 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_f128f9-b0 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_f128f9-b0 ,.kb-row-layout-id3180_f128f9-b0 h1,.kb-row-layout-id3180_f128f9-b0 h2,.kb-row-layout-id3180_f128f9-b0 h3,.kb-row-layout-id3180_f128f9-b0 h4,.kb-row-layout-id3180_f128f9-b0 h5,.kb-row-layout-id3180_f128f9-b0 h6{color:#ffffff;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_f128f9-b0 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:100px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_f128f9-b0 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:100%;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_f128f9-b0 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{fill:#ffffff!important;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_f128f9-b0 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_f128f9-b0 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_f128f9-b0 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_f128f9-b0 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id3180_f128f9-b0 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_f128f9-b0 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id3180_f128f9-b0 alignnone has-eighty-black-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column3180_0d7849-3b > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column3180_0d7849-3b > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column3180_0d7849-3b > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column3180_0d7849-3b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column3180_0d7849-3b > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column3180_0d7849-3b > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column3180_0d7849-3b{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column3180_0d7849-3b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column3180_0d7849-3b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column3180_0d7849-3b\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_d42e4a-58, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_d42e4a-58[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_d42e4a-58\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_d42e4a-58 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_d42e4a-58[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_d42e4a-58\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_d42e4a-58 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_d42e4a-58[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_d42e4a-58\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 id=\"background\" class=\"kt-adv-heading3180_d42e4a-58 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_d42e4a-58\">A bit of background\u2026<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\">Ok, so you\u2019ve heard about binning, but aren\u2019t really sure what it\u2019s all about. That\u2019s understandable, it\u2019s pretty confusing. Let\u2019s give a brief overview.<br><br>Consider that there\u2019s always a limiting factor that provides a ceiling to the quality of data you collect. You may assume this is the camera sensor, but it\u2019s actually more likely to be your sky conditions (called \u201cseeing\u201d). Your telescope and mount are also factors. You could have an amazing astro camera, but if your\u2019re imaging through a tornado, your data won\u2019t be very good, right? That\u2019s an extreme example, so here\u2019s a more realistic one. You have a camera sensor with lots of pixels, and they\u2019re small too (6248 x 4176, 3.76 \u03bcm pixels in the case of my&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/review-zwo-asi2600mc-pro\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ZWO ASI2600MC Pro<\/a>). But do my turbulent city centre skies actually let me capture useful data with all of those pixels? Maybe, maybe not \u2014 but we can use&nbsp;PixInsight&nbsp;to find out.<br><br>Ultimately, what we want is to match our camera sensors to real-life imaging conditions in order to have an optimal setup. This doesn\u2019t mean buying a whole new camera sensor, because we can change its specifications by binning. I\u2019m going to run through two examples, and then will explain a bit more background.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id3180_91c125-85{margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);}.kb-row-layout-id3180_91c125-85 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id3180_91c125-85 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_91c125-85 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-none, 0rem );max-width:900px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id3180_91c125-85{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;overflow:clip;isolation:isolate;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_91c125-85 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_91c125-85 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_91c125-85 ,.kb-row-layout-id3180_91c125-85 h1,.kb-row-layout-id3180_91c125-85 h2,.kb-row-layout-id3180_91c125-85 h3,.kb-row-layout-id3180_91c125-85 h4,.kb-row-layout-id3180_91c125-85 h5,.kb-row-layout-id3180_91c125-85 h6{color:#ffffff;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_91c125-85 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:100px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_91c125-85 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:100%;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_91c125-85 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{fill:#ffffff!important;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_91c125-85 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_91c125-85 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_91c125-85 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_91c125-85 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id3180_91c125-85 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_91c125-85 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id3180_91c125-85 alignnone has-eighty-black-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column3180_ca1c58-4b > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column3180_ca1c58-4b > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column3180_ca1c58-4b > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column3180_ca1c58-4b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column3180_ca1c58-4b > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column3180_ca1c58-4b > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column3180_ca1c58-4b{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column3180_ca1c58-4b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column3180_ca1c58-4b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column3180_ca1c58-4b\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_d2695e-bb, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_d2695e-bb[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_d2695e-bb\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_d2695e-bb mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_d2695e-bb[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_d2695e-bb\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_d2695e-bb img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_d2695e-bb[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_d2695e-bb\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 id=\"1\" class=\"kt-adv-heading3180_d2695e-bb wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_d2695e-bb\">Example 1: the Iris Nebula, Askar FRA400, and ZWO ASI2600MC Pro<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Let\u2019s work this through using an actual example. First, we want to analyse an image to get its vital statistics. Then we can work out whether we should bin. For this example we\u2019ll analyse an image from my archives:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/the-iris-nebula\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Iris Nebula<\/a>, taken using my&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/review-askar-fra400-f-5-6-quintuplet-apo-astrograph\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Askar FRA400 telescope<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/review-zwo-asi2600mc-pro\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ZWO ASI2600MC Pro camera<\/a>.<br><br>To analyse images using PixInsight, I like to use PSF Image Creator. It\u2019s a free plugin.<br><br>Once that\u2019s installed, load up a freshly integrated image. Don\u2019t do any processing to it (well, you can perform an STF if you like). Then go to Script -&gt; Render -&gt; PSFImage. Click Evaluate and wait for it to complete. Then you should see a view a bit like this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6aafc6ff817b2&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6aafc6ff817b2\" class=\"wp-block-image wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1607\" height=\"912\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Iris_PSF.jpg?resize=1024%2C581&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"PixInsight screenshot\" class=\"wp-image-3181\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Iris_PSF.jpg?w=1607&amp;ssl=1 1607w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Iris_PSF.jpg?resize=300%2C170&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Iris_PSF.jpg?resize=1024%2C581&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Iris_PSF.jpg?resize=768%2C436&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Iris_PSF.jpg?resize=1536%2C872&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Iris_PSF.jpg?resize=500%2C284&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Iris_PSF.jpg?resize=800%2C454&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Iris_PSF.jpg?resize=1280%2C726&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 880px) 100vw, 880px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I\u2019ve highlighted what we\u2019re interested in: the two FWHM values. Calculate the average (so about 2.22 in this case). Think of this as telling us how sharp the image is. (This is a simplification, but it works for us). Lower generally means sharper stars, but what matters most here is how this value relates to pixel sampling. We need to divide this number by 1.6 to estimate how much binning we can apply before reaching critical sampling. 2.22 \/ 1.6 =\u00a0<strong>1.39<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Then we follow this general rule: if the value is close to 1, don&#8217;t bin. If it&#8217;s closer to 2, bin x2. If it&#8217;s closer to 3, bin x3. If it&#8217;s closer to 4, bin x4. In this example my result, 1.39, is closest to 1. So, I&#8217;m better off not binning. <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id3180_5c2aea-72{margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);}.kb-row-layout-id3180_5c2aea-72 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id3180_5c2aea-72 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_5c2aea-72 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-none, 0rem );max-width:900px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id3180_5c2aea-72{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;overflow:clip;isolation:isolate;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_5c2aea-72 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_5c2aea-72 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_5c2aea-72 ,.kb-row-layout-id3180_5c2aea-72 h1,.kb-row-layout-id3180_5c2aea-72 h2,.kb-row-layout-id3180_5c2aea-72 h3,.kb-row-layout-id3180_5c2aea-72 h4,.kb-row-layout-id3180_5c2aea-72 h5,.kb-row-layout-id3180_5c2aea-72 h6{color:#ffffff;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_5c2aea-72 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:100px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_5c2aea-72 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:100%;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_5c2aea-72 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{fill:#ffffff!important;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_5c2aea-72 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_5c2aea-72 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_5c2aea-72 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_5c2aea-72 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id3180_5c2aea-72 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_5c2aea-72 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id3180_5c2aea-72 alignnone has-eighty-black-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column3180_d81ad9-20 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column3180_d81ad9-20 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column3180_d81ad9-20 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column3180_d81ad9-20 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column3180_d81ad9-20 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column3180_d81ad9-20 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column3180_d81ad9-20{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column3180_d81ad9-20 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column3180_d81ad9-20 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column3180_d81ad9-20\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_32341b-e1, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_32341b-e1[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_32341b-e1\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_32341b-e1 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_32341b-e1[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_32341b-e1\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_32341b-e1 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_32341b-e1[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_32341b-e1\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 id=\"2\" class=\"kt-adv-heading3180_32341b-e1 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_32341b-e1\">Example 2: the Cygnus Wall, Askar 130PHQ, and ZWO ASI2600MC Pro<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Let\u2019s try another example, this time on a different target and with a different telescope: my&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/review-askar-130phq-flatfield-astrograph\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Askar 130PHQ<\/a>.<br><br>First we\u2019ll run PSF image to ascertain the image resolution:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6aafc6ff82030&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6aafc6ff82030\" class=\"wp-block-image wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1776\" height=\"884\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/CygnusWall_PSF.jpg?resize=1440%2C717&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"PixInsight screenshot\" class=\"wp-image-3183\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/CygnusWall_PSF.jpg?w=1776&amp;ssl=1 1776w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/CygnusWall_PSF.jpg?resize=300%2C149&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/CygnusWall_PSF.jpg?resize=1024%2C510&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/CygnusWall_PSF.jpg?resize=768%2C382&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/CygnusWall_PSF.jpg?resize=1536%2C765&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/CygnusWall_PSF.jpg?resize=500%2C249&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/CygnusWall_PSF.jpg?resize=800%2C398&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/CygnusWall_PSF.jpg?resize=1280%2C637&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 880px) 100vw, 880px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The two FWHM values are 2.62 and 3.25. Take the average (i.e. 2.94) and divide by 1.6 to get\u00a0<strong>1.84<\/strong>. This result is close to 2, indicating that bin x2 will move the data toward critical sampling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Go to PROCESS -> All Processes -> IntegerResample. Select the correct view using the dropdown menu at the top (Ult_integrated in my example). Our Resample factor is 2 (because we\u2019re binning x2). And we\u2019re downsampling. Then click on the blue square at the bottom:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6aafc6ff8249a&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6aafc6ff8249a\" class=\"wp-block-image wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1254\" height=\"846\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Cygnus_IntegerResample.jpg?resize=1024%2C691&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"PixInsight screenshot\" class=\"wp-image-3185\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Cygnus_IntegerResample.jpg?w=1254&amp;ssl=1 1254w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Cygnus_IntegerResample.jpg?resize=300%2C202&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Cygnus_IntegerResample.jpg?resize=1024%2C691&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Cygnus_IntegerResample.jpg?resize=768%2C518&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Cygnus_IntegerResample.jpg?resize=500%2C337&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Cygnus_IntegerResample.jpg?resize=800%2C540&amp;ssl=1 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 880px) 100vw, 880px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A warning message may pop up, but it\u2019s fine to click Yes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6aafc6ff82843&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6aafc6ff82843\" class=\"wp-block-image wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"397\" height=\"216\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IntegerResample_warning.jpg?resize=397%2C216&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"PixInsight screenshot\" class=\"wp-image-3186\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IntegerResample_warning.jpg?w=397&amp;ssl=1 397w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/IntegerResample_warning.jpg?resize=300%2C163&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 397px) 100vw, 397px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And that\u2019s it! If you just follow those steps then you\u2019ll know whether it\u2019s optimal to bin your data. If you\u2019ve got a bit more attention span left in you then we can discuss it further\u2026<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id3180_e2c3c4-40{margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);}.kb-row-layout-id3180_e2c3c4-40 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id3180_e2c3c4-40 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_e2c3c4-40 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-none, 0rem );max-width:900px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id3180_e2c3c4-40{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;overflow:clip;isolation:isolate;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_e2c3c4-40 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_e2c3c4-40 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_e2c3c4-40 ,.kb-row-layout-id3180_e2c3c4-40 h1,.kb-row-layout-id3180_e2c3c4-40 h2,.kb-row-layout-id3180_e2c3c4-40 h3,.kb-row-layout-id3180_e2c3c4-40 h4,.kb-row-layout-id3180_e2c3c4-40 h5,.kb-row-layout-id3180_e2c3c4-40 h6{color:#ffffff;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_e2c3c4-40 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:100px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_e2c3c4-40 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:100%;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_e2c3c4-40 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{fill:#ffffff!important;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_e2c3c4-40 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_e2c3c4-40 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_e2c3c4-40 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_e2c3c4-40 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id3180_e2c3c4-40 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_e2c3c4-40 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id3180_e2c3c4-40 alignnone has-eighty-black-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column3180_34bd70-e8 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column3180_34bd70-e8 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column3180_34bd70-e8 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column3180_34bd70-e8 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column3180_34bd70-e8 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column3180_34bd70-e8 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column3180_34bd70-e8{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column3180_34bd70-e8 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column3180_34bd70-e8 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column3180_34bd70-e8\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_7036f1-17, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_7036f1-17[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_7036f1-17\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_7036f1-17 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_7036f1-17[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_7036f1-17\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_7036f1-17 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_7036f1-17[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_7036f1-17\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 id=\"undersampled-or-oversampled\" class=\"kt-adv-heading3180_7036f1-17 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_7036f1-17\">Undersampled or oversampled?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\">If you should bin but you don\u2019t then you\u2019re likely oversampled. This means you\u2019re wasting resolution and missing out on the upside to binning (see below). If you\u2019re on the other side \u2014 for example, if you bin when it\u2019s not necessary \u2014 then you\u2019ll be undersampled, and missing out on some fine detail and your stars may look blocky.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id3180_a6953f-8c{margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);}.kb-row-layout-id3180_a6953f-8c > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id3180_a6953f-8c > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_a6953f-8c > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-none, 0rem );max-width:900px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id3180_a6953f-8c{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;overflow:clip;isolation:isolate;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_a6953f-8c > .kt-row-layout-overlay{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_a6953f-8c > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_a6953f-8c ,.kb-row-layout-id3180_a6953f-8c h1,.kb-row-layout-id3180_a6953f-8c h2,.kb-row-layout-id3180_a6953f-8c h3,.kb-row-layout-id3180_a6953f-8c h4,.kb-row-layout-id3180_a6953f-8c h5,.kb-row-layout-id3180_a6953f-8c h6{color:#ffffff;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_a6953f-8c .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:100px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_a6953f-8c .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:100%;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_a6953f-8c .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{fill:#ffffff!important;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_a6953f-8c > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_a6953f-8c .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_a6953f-8c .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_a6953f-8c > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id3180_a6953f-8c .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_a6953f-8c .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id3180_a6953f-8c alignnone has-eighty-black-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column3180_ece5bf-0c > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column3180_ece5bf-0c > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column3180_ece5bf-0c > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column3180_ece5bf-0c > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column3180_ece5bf-0c > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column3180_ece5bf-0c > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column3180_ece5bf-0c{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column3180_ece5bf-0c > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column3180_ece5bf-0c > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column3180_ece5bf-0c\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_bc8466-cf, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_bc8466-cf[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_bc8466-cf\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_bc8466-cf mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_bc8466-cf[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_bc8466-cf\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_bc8466-cf img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_bc8466-cf[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_bc8466-cf\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 id=\"downside\" class=\"kt-adv-heading3180_bc8466-cf wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_bc8466-cf\">The downside to binning<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A lot of people are put off binning because there\u2019s a downside: your image\u2019s resolution (in terms of how many pixels large it is) is reduced. Using my 2600MC Pro as an example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"is-style-stripes wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>Native resolution<\/td><td>6248 x 4176<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Binx2<\/td><td>3124 x 2088<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Binx3<\/td><td>2082 x 1392<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Binx4<\/td><td>1562 x 1044<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br>We want lots of pixels, right? Lots of pixels means lots of detail? Well, not necessarily. Remember that our limiting factor is likely sky conditions, and perhaps mount quality. Taking example #2 (the Askar 130PHQ and 2600MC Pro), the data were significantly oversampled, meaning many pixels were recording atmospheric blur rather than real detail. It\u2019s a waste. This is why is makes sense to bin \u2014 because of the upside to binning\u2026<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id3180_7349a7-40{margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);}.kb-row-layout-id3180_7349a7-40 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id3180_7349a7-40 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_7349a7-40 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-none, 0rem );max-width:900px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id3180_7349a7-40{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;overflow:clip;isolation:isolate;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_7349a7-40 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_7349a7-40 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_7349a7-40 ,.kb-row-layout-id3180_7349a7-40 h1,.kb-row-layout-id3180_7349a7-40 h2,.kb-row-layout-id3180_7349a7-40 h3,.kb-row-layout-id3180_7349a7-40 h4,.kb-row-layout-id3180_7349a7-40 h5,.kb-row-layout-id3180_7349a7-40 h6{color:#ffffff;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_7349a7-40 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:100px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_7349a7-40 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:100%;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_7349a7-40 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{fill:#ffffff!important;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_7349a7-40 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_7349a7-40 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_7349a7-40 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_7349a7-40 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id3180_7349a7-40 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_7349a7-40 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id3180_7349a7-40 alignnone has-eighty-black-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column3180_fb3017-2b > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column3180_fb3017-2b > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column3180_fb3017-2b > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column3180_fb3017-2b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column3180_fb3017-2b > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column3180_fb3017-2b > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column3180_fb3017-2b{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column3180_fb3017-2b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column3180_fb3017-2b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column3180_fb3017-2b\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_e62dd7-66, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_e62dd7-66[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_e62dd7-66\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_e62dd7-66 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_e62dd7-66[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_e62dd7-66\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_e62dd7-66 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_e62dd7-66[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_e62dd7-66\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 id=\"upside\" class=\"kt-adv-heading3180_e62dd7-66 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_e62dd7-66\">The upside to binning<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\">We can trade our camera sensor\u2019s pixels for a boost in signal to noise ratio. This is because when we bin, we\u2019re combining pixels. Bin x2 turns four pixels into one really big pixel. This in turn reduces the noise level, which effectively boosts signal to noise ratio (SNR).\u00a0Cuiv the Lazy Geek made a good video explaining this. <br><br>So, returning to example #2, if I\u2019m wasting pixels on my blurry atmosphere, I may as well trade them in for a very welcome boost in SNR. This upside is really excellent, so if you calculate your two numbers and find you\u2019re in the middle of whether it\u2019s beneficial to bin or not, you probably should, in order to get the SNR boost.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id3180_97d2f6-62{margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);}.kb-row-layout-id3180_97d2f6-62 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id3180_97d2f6-62 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_97d2f6-62 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-none, 0rem );max-width:900px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id3180_97d2f6-62{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;overflow:clip;isolation:isolate;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_97d2f6-62 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_97d2f6-62 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_97d2f6-62 ,.kb-row-layout-id3180_97d2f6-62 h1,.kb-row-layout-id3180_97d2f6-62 h2,.kb-row-layout-id3180_97d2f6-62 h3,.kb-row-layout-id3180_97d2f6-62 h4,.kb-row-layout-id3180_97d2f6-62 h5,.kb-row-layout-id3180_97d2f6-62 h6{color:#ffffff;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_97d2f6-62 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:100px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_97d2f6-62 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:100%;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_97d2f6-62 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{fill:#ffffff!important;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_97d2f6-62 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_97d2f6-62 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_97d2f6-62 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_97d2f6-62 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id3180_97d2f6-62 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_97d2f6-62 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id3180_97d2f6-62 alignnone has-eighty-black-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column3180_af354a-a5 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column3180_af354a-a5 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column3180_af354a-a5 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column3180_af354a-a5 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column3180_af354a-a5 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column3180_af354a-a5 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column3180_af354a-a5{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column3180_af354a-a5 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column3180_af354a-a5 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column3180_af354a-a5\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_ebc96c-88, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_ebc96c-88[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_ebc96c-88\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_ebc96c-88 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_ebc96c-88[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_ebc96c-88\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_ebc96c-88 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_ebc96c-88[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_ebc96c-88\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 id=\"guiding\" class=\"kt-adv-heading3180_ebc96c-88 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_ebc96c-88\">Guiding<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\">We want our guiding RMS to be as low as possible, but how do we know if it\u2019s good enough? Here\u2019s a good tip: you want your guiding RMS to be half or less than your working resolution. So, in example #1 we were operating at 1.39. 1.39 \/ 2 = 0.7\u2033. So, if your guiding is 0.7\u2033 or lower (and smooth, not jumping around) then all is well. If it\u2019s higher then look to improve it by better telescope balancing, guidescope settings, mount maintenance, or if necessary buying a new mount.<br><br>What about example #2? 1.556 \/ 2 = 0.78\u2033. Same rule applies; I want my mount\u2019s guiding to be 0.78\u2033 or lower.<br><br>Just out of interest, what if I didn\u2019t bin that data? Natively it\u2019s 0.778, so my mount would need to be guiding 0.4\u2033 or lower. <\/span>When I first wrote this article, my mount wasn&#8217;t able to consistently achieve this, so it&#8217;s another reason that binning made sense; not only were my sky conditions limiting me, but the mount too. Now I have a <a href=\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/review-stellardrive-x-6r-pro-mount-darkframe-optics\/\" type=\"post\" id=\"11654\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">StellarDrive X 6R PRO<\/a> that guides in the 0.3&#8243; &#8211; 0.4&#8243; range, meaning that I can actually not bin and the mount can handle that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id3180_88df4e-10{margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);}.kb-row-layout-id3180_88df4e-10 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id3180_88df4e-10 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_88df4e-10 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-none, 0rem );max-width:900px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id3180_88df4e-10{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;overflow:clip;isolation:isolate;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_88df4e-10 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_88df4e-10 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_88df4e-10 ,.kb-row-layout-id3180_88df4e-10 h1,.kb-row-layout-id3180_88df4e-10 h2,.kb-row-layout-id3180_88df4e-10 h3,.kb-row-layout-id3180_88df4e-10 h4,.kb-row-layout-id3180_88df4e-10 h5,.kb-row-layout-id3180_88df4e-10 h6{color:#ffffff;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_88df4e-10 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:100px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_88df4e-10 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:100%;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_88df4e-10 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{fill:#ffffff!important;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_88df4e-10 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_88df4e-10 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_88df4e-10 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_88df4e-10 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id3180_88df4e-10 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_88df4e-10 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id3180_88df4e-10 alignnone has-eighty-black-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column3180_23b870-17 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column3180_23b870-17 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column3180_23b870-17 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column3180_23b870-17 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column3180_23b870-17 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column3180_23b870-17 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column3180_23b870-17{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column3180_23b870-17 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column3180_23b870-17 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column3180_23b870-17\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_d524da-8f, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_d524da-8f[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_d524da-8f\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_d524da-8f mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_d524da-8f[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_d524da-8f\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_d524da-8f img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_d524da-8f[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_d524da-8f\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 id=\"upsample\" class=\"kt-adv-heading3180_d524da-8f wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_d524da-8f\">Upsample at the end<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\">If you\u2019ve used PixInsight to downsample your image, your very final step in processing can be to run IntegerResample again at the end, but this time upsampling by however much you originally downsampled. This will get you your pixels back so you can have nice big images for printing or cropping.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id3180_81cbc6-e5{margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);}.kb-row-layout-id3180_81cbc6-e5 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id3180_81cbc6-e5 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_81cbc6-e5 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-none, 0rem );max-width:900px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id3180_81cbc6-e5{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;overflow:clip;isolation:isolate;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_81cbc6-e5 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{border-top-right-radius:50px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_81cbc6-e5 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_81cbc6-e5 ,.kb-row-layout-id3180_81cbc6-e5 h1,.kb-row-layout-id3180_81cbc6-e5 h2,.kb-row-layout-id3180_81cbc6-e5 h3,.kb-row-layout-id3180_81cbc6-e5 h4,.kb-row-layout-id3180_81cbc6-e5 h5,.kb-row-layout-id3180_81cbc6-e5 h6{color:#ffffff;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_81cbc6-e5 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:100px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_81cbc6-e5 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:100%;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_81cbc6-e5 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{fill:#ffffff!important;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_81cbc6-e5 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_81cbc6-e5 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_81cbc6-e5 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id3180_81cbc6-e5 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id3180_81cbc6-e5 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}.kb-row-layout-id3180_81cbc6-e5 .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id3180_81cbc6-e5 alignnone has-eighty-black-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column3180_9a2ea2-96 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column3180_9a2ea2-96 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column3180_9a2ea2-96 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column3180_9a2ea2-96 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column3180_9a2ea2-96 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column3180_9a2ea2-96 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column3180_9a2ea2-96{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column3180_9a2ea2-96 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column3180_9a2ea2-96 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column3180_9a2ea2-96\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_f23625-28, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_f23625-28[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_f23625-28\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_f23625-28 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_f23625-28[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_f23625-28\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_f23625-28 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3180_f23625-28[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_f23625-28\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 id=\"makes-sense\" class=\"kt-adv-heading3180_f23625-28 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3180_f23625-28\">Makes sense?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span style=\"color: #fffffe;\" class=\"stk-highlight\">There\u2019s a lot to take on board there! Hopefully this guide has helped you. Just to reiterate that this is at the limit of my understanding, and I\u2019ve likely gotten some things wrong. But the methods outlined do work for me. If you\u2019d like to correct me on any points then please do <a href=\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/contact\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">give me a shout<\/a> and if necessary I\u2019ll update this guide.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<hr class=\"is-style-wide wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nfd-container nfd-py-lg nfd-theme-dark nfd-bg-surface nfd-wb-text__text-20 engagement-columns ticss-c88d95c9 is-style-nfd-theme-dark wp-block-group has-eighty-black-background-color has-background\" style=\"border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Book a Masterclass<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One-on-one online tuition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/index.php\/courses\/#!\/art\/astronomyexperience\/68ee18bfbf3c73843b4c84fc?scope=gallery&amp;headless=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"880\" height=\"624\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Urban-Astrophotography-online-Masterclass.jpg?resize=880%2C624&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Book an online astrophotography masterclass\" class=\"wp-image-10205\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Art Store<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Own a fine art print from the gallery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/index.php\/artstore\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1318\" height=\"936\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-18-220348.jpg?fit=880%2C625&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"Visit the Urban Astrophotography Art Store\" class=\"wp-image-10206\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-18-220348.jpg?w=1318&amp;ssl=1 1318w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-18-220348.jpg?resize=300%2C213&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-18-220348.jpg?resize=1024%2C727&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-18-220348.jpg?resize=768%2C545&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-18-220348.jpg?resize=500%2C355&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-18-220348.jpg?resize=800%2C568&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/urbanastrophotography.com\/staging\/7355\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-18-220348.jpg?resize=1280%2C909&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 880px) 100vw, 880px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Donate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Help me fight the spam bots!<\/p>\n\n\n<style>\r\n        .wpedon-container .wpedon-select,\r\n        .wpedon-container .wpedon-input {\r\n            width: 200px;\r\n            min-width: 200px;\r\n            max-width: 200px;\r\n        }\r\n    <\/style><div class='wpedon-container wpedon-align-left'><div><br\/><label id=\"wpedon-2012-amount-label\">Donation Amount<\/label><br \/><input type='number' min='1' step='any' name='ddm_daa340d8b22bb46341dd86c10bbccc3a' class='wpedon-input' value='10.00' \/><script>\r\n                (function(){\r\n                    function wpedonInitManual_daa340d8b22bb46341dd86c10bbccc3a(){\r\n                        var input = document.querySelector('[name=\"ddm_daa340d8b22bb46341dd86c10bbccc3a\"]');\r\n                        if (!input) { return; }\r\n                        input.addEventListener('change', function(){\r\n                            var amountEl = document.getElementById('amount_daa340d8b22bb46341dd86c10bbccc3a');\r\n                            var priceEl  = 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method='post'>\t\t<script\r\n\t\t\tsrc='https:\/\/www.paypal.com\/sdk\/js?client-id=Advx1wc_4Se6ICsYnMXTqWntyS0F1VdRHIeWnT2Qgv0nFi6sD86KEM9DSxcG79rq_weHqfs1uClL1xDy&merchant-id=PE8M86N7VP6M6&currency=GBP&intent=capture&components=buttons,funding-eligibility'\r\n\t\t\tdata-partner-attribution-id='WPPlugin_STP_CP'\r\n\t\t\t\t\t><\/script>\r\n\t\t<style>\r\n        .wpedon-paypal-button-container > *,\r\n        .wpedon-paypal-hosted-fields-container .wpedon-paypal-btn,\r\n        .wpedon-form .wpedon-or {\r\n            width: 200px;\r\n            min-width: 200px;\r\n            max-width: 200px;\r\n        }\r\n        .wpedon-paypal-hosted-fields-container .wpedon-paypal-btn {\r\n            height: 40px;\r\n        }\r\n\t\t<\/style>\r\n\t\t<script>\r\n      const wpedonPaypalFunding = [\"paypal\"];\r\n\t\t<\/script>\r\n\t\t\r\n\t<!-- Buttons container -->\r\n\t<div id='wpedon-paypal-button-container-daa340d8b22bb46341dd86c10bbccc3a' class='wpedon-paypal-button-container wpedon-vertical'><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t<div id='wpedon-paypal-message-daa340d8b22bb46341dd86c10bbccc3a' class='wpedon-payment-message'><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t<script>\r\n    const message_daa340d8b22bb46341dd86c10bbccc3a = document.getElementById('wpedon-paypal-message-daa340d8b22bb46341dd86c10bbccc3a');\r\n    if ( typeof paypal === 'undefined' ) {\r\n      message_daa340d8b22bb46341dd86c10bbccc3a.innerHTML = '<span class=\"payment-error\">' + \r\n          'An error occurred while connecting PayPal SDK. Check the plugin settings.' + '<\/span>';\r\n      throw 'An error occurred while connecting PayPal SDK. Check the plugin settings.';\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    paypal.getFundingSources().forEach(function (fundingSource) {\r\n      if ( wpedonPaypalFunding.indexOf(fundingSource) > -1 ) {\r\n        const style = {\r\n          shape: 'rect',\r\n          label: 'donate',\r\n          height: 40        };\r\n\r\n        if ( fundingSource !== 'card' ) {\r\n          let color = 'gold';\r\n          if (fundingSource === 'venmo' && color === 'gold') {\r\n            color = 'blue';\r\n          } else if (['ideal', 'bancontact', 'giropay', 'eps', 'sofort', 'mybank', 'p24'].indexOf(fundingSource) > -1 && ['gold', 'blue'].indexOf(color) > -1) {\r\n            color = 'default';\r\n          } else if (fundingSource === 'credit' && ['darkblue', 'black', 'white'].indexOf(color) === -1) {\r\n              color = 'darkblue';\r\n          }\r\n          style.color = color;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        const button = paypal.Buttons({\r\n          fundingSource: fundingSource,\r\n          style: style,\r\n          createOrder: function() {\r\n            message_daa340d8b22bb46341dd86c10bbccc3a.innerHTML = '';\r\n\r\n            const form = document.getElementById('daa340d8b22bb46341dd86c10bbccc3a');\r\n            const formData = new FormData(form);\r\n            formData.append('action', 'wpedon-ppcp-order-create');\r\n            formData.append('nonce', wpedon.nonce);\r\n\r\n            return fetch(wpedon.ajaxUrl, {\r\n              method: 'post',\r\n              body: formData\r\n            }).then(function(response) {\r\n              return response.json();\r\n            }).then(function(data) {\r\n              let orderID = false;\r\n              if (data.success && data.data.order_id) {\r\n                orderID = data.data.order_id;\r\n              } else {\r\n                throw data.data && data.data.message ? data.data.message : 'An unknown error occurred while creating the order. Please reload the page and try again.';\r\n              }\r\n              return orderID;\r\n            });\r\n          },\r\n          onApprove: function(data) {\r\n            const formData = new FormData();\r\n\r\n            formData.append('action', 'wpedon-ppcp-order-finalize');\r\n            formData.append('nonce', wpedon.nonce);\r\n            formData.append('order_id', data.orderID);\r\n\r\n            return fetch(wpedon.ajaxUrl, {\r\n              method: 'post',\r\n              body: formData\r\n            }).then(function(response) {\r\n              return response.json();\r\n            }).then(function(data) {\r\n              if (data.success) {\r\n\t\t\t    var return_url = '';\r\n                if (return_url.length) {\r\n                  window.location.href = return_url;\r\n                } else {\r\n                  message_daa340d8b22bb46341dd86c10bbccc3a.innerHTML = '<span class=\"payment-success\">' + \r\n                    'The payment was successful' + '<\/span>';\r\n                }\r\n              } else {\r\n                throw data.data.message;\r\n              }\r\n            });\r\n          },\r\n          onCancel: function() {\r\n            if (wpedon.cancel.length && fundingSource !== 'card') {\r\n              window.location.href = wpedon.cancel;\r\n            } else {\r\n              message_daa340d8b22bb46341dd86c10bbccc3a.innerHTML = '<span class=\"payment-error\">' + \r\n                'The payment was cancelled.' + '<\/span>';\r\n            }\r\n          },\r\n          onError: function (error) {\r\n            message_daa340d8b22bb46341dd86c10bbccc3a.innerHTML = '<span class=\"payment-error\">' + (error ? error : '<strong>Site admin<\/strong>, an error was detected in the plugin settings.<\/br>Please check the PayPal connection and product settings (price, name, etc.)') + '<\/span>';\r\n          }\r\n        });\r\n\r\n        if (button.isEligible()) {\r\n          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