The Pinwheel Galaxy | M101

The Pinwheel Galaxy M101 in Ursa Major, imaged from a light polluted urban sky

THE PINWHEEL GALAXY

M101 • Spiral galaxy • Ursa Major • 21 million light-years from Earth


🗓️
April to June 2023

Overview

The Pinwheel Galaxy, also known as M101, is a large face on spiral galaxy located around 21 million light years from Earth in the constellation Ursa Major. Its wide, loosely wound spiral arms contain vast regions of star formation, but also give the galaxy a very low surface brightness, making it a challenging target for astrophotography from light polluted locations.

With a total integration time of 100 hours, this image represents my longest single imaging project to date, aimed at revealing as much of M101’s faint structure as possible.

Background

Imaging the Pinwheel Galaxy turned out to be an epic undertaking! I initially planned on gathering around 20 hours of RGB data. (I use long integration times to combat light pollution. Then something amazing happened, as a supernova was detected in the galaxy! Scroll to the Science section for more…

The Pinwheel Galaxy M101 in Ursa Major, imaged from a light polluted urban sky
Framed astrophoto taken from a light-polluted city, available to buy as a fine art print

Close-ups

  • Close-up view of the central region of the galaxy
  • Close-up view of a spiral arm
  • Close-up view of a spiral arm
  • Close-up view of the supernova

Science

A supernova occurred in the Pinwheel Galaxy during this imaging project. It was discovered during daytime hours from my observing location in the UK, but as soon as the skies were dark, my telescope was back on the target collecting more light. This meant I was able to make a before / after comparison. I can’t claim any credit for being particularly organised; it’s just a happy coincidence that I was imaging this target every clear night around the time the supernova was detected.

GIF showing the appearance of supernova SN 2023ixf

The weather forecast then predicted an unusually long period of clear skies. This presented me with a dilemma: I had already gathered nearly 20 hours of data, which is what I’d initially planned. But if I kept going, would I be able to detect any noticeable change in brightness of the supernova? I decided it would be fun to try, so I just kept going every clear night for the next few weeks.

Supernova SN 2023ixf is magnified and highlighted

Ultimately I couldn’t really see an interesting enough change in brightness night on night, but before I knew it I was approaching 70 hours of RGB data — by far the most for any of my astro targets.

I then got thinking about my previous galaxy shoot, M81 and M82. That turned out well, but I regretted not getting any Hα data to show glowing red areas of star formation. I shoot using an OSC camera and don’t have a dedicated Hα filter, but I do have an Optolong L-Ultimate, which captures Hα and OIII. So, I gathered 30 more hours of data using this filter, then extracted the Hα data (i.e. the red channel), and combined this with the 70 hours of RGB. Hey presto, a nice round 100 hours of data, resulting in an HαRGB image.

This slider comparison shows the RGB data (left) with what it looked like after I added in Hα.

Finally just for fun, this slider comparison shows my image compared to the same galaxy imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope. (To be fair, the Hubble data absolutely trashes mine when viewed at full resolution!)

Imaging details

Date

21 April to 16 June 2023 (two months)

Location

Bristol, UK (Bortle 8)

Telescope

Askar 130PHQ Flatfield Astrograph

Camera

ZWO ASI 2600MC Pro

Mount

Sky-Watcher EQ6-R Pro

Guiding

WO 50mm + ZWO ASI 120MM Mini

Control

ASIAIR Plus

Software

PixInsight, Lightroom

Image by

Lee Pullen

Filter

Channels

Exposure

No filter

RGB

2100 x 2-minutes (70 hours)

Optolong L-Ultimate

Hα / OIII

900 × 2-minutes (30 hours)

100 hours

Imaging details

Date
21 April to 16 June 2023 (two months)

Location
Bristol, UK (Bortle 8)

Telescope
Askar 130PHQ Flatfield Astrograph

Camera
ZWO ASI 2600MC Pro

Mount
Sky-Watcher EQ6-R Pro

Guiding
WO 50mm + ZWO ASI 120MM Mini

Control
ASIAIR Plus

Software
PixInsight, Lightroom

Image by
Lee Pullen

Filters

No filter
RGB
2100 × 2-minutes (70 hours)

Optolong L-Ultimate
Hα / OIII
900 × 2-minutes (30 hours)

Total exposure: 100 hours

Kit list

This is the equipment I used to capture the image.
Affiliate links help support the site at no extra cost to you.

William Optics 50mm with ROTO Lock guidescope

Guidescope: William Optics 50mm with ROTO Lock
Read my review

Buy from Astroshop.eu
Buy from High Point Scientific

Processing

A vast amount of data has gone into the final image, and I followed my PixInsight Pre-Processing Guide to keep everything organised. The RGB component is made from from 2100 2-minute subframes (no filter), totalling 102GB. Of course, I actually collected much more data than this, then used PixInsight’s SubframeSelector tool to remove the lowest quality subframes.

PixInsight’s WBPP was chugging away for 72 hours to produce an integrated image but then disaster struck! It failed, giving an out of memory error. C’mon PixInsight, is 48GB of RAM not enough?

Fortunately it had saved the output from the preceeding steps, so I took those files and continued more manually, using the ImageIntegration tool. In total, it took 85 hours start to finish of my PC running at full pelt to turn the 2100 RGB subframes into an integrated image!

Then it was onto the Hα data, which is 900 2-minute Optolong L-Ultimate subframes, totalling 43.7GB. The sky conditions weren’t as good when I was collecting this data, but I was more lenient about what went into the stack as I knew it was just going to be showing the areas of hydrogen.

Collecting such a huge amount of data was a bit nuts, but I like stretching what’s possible under city skies. I would have gotten the result faster (and probably a little better!) using a mono camera plus filters, but I certainly appreciate the simplicity in data acquisition that OSC provides.

Example astrophotography image promoting one-to-one online astrophotography masterclasses

Example source data

Here are example single subframes and freshly integrated stacks, just with simple stretches applied.

Askar FRA400 image

I first imaged the Pinwheel Galaxy back in March 2021, using my wide-field Askar FRA400 telescope.

On the left is a tightly cropped view using that telescope, compared to the new attempt on the right:

Imaging details

Date

March 2021

Location

Bristol, UK (Bortle 8)

Telescope

Askar FRA400 f/5.6 Quintuplet APO Astrograph

Camera

ZWO ASI 2600MC Pro

Mount

Orion Sirius EQ-G

Guiding

William Optics 32mm; ZWO ASI 120MM Mini

Control

ASIAIR Plus

Software

PixInsight, Lightroom

Image by

Lee Pullen

Filter

Channels

Exposure

No filter

RGB

600 × 2-minutes (20 hours)

20 hours

Askar FRA400 image

I first imaged the Pinwheel Galaxy back in March 2021, using my wide-field Askar FRA400 telescope.

On the left is a tightly cropped view using that telescope, compared to the new attempt on the right:

Imaging details

Date
March 2021

Location
Bristol, UK (Bortle 8)


Telescope
Askar FRA400

Camera
ZWO ASI 2600MC Pro

Mount
Orion Sirius EQ-G

Guiding
WO 32mm; ZWO ASI 120MM Mini

Control
ASIAIR Plus

Software
PixInsight, Lightroom

Image by
Lee Pullen

Filters

No filter
RGB
600 × 2-minutes (20 hours)

Total exposure: 20 hours

Seestar S50 image

Seestar S50 telescope image to be added soon…






Discover more from Urban Astrophotography

Subscribe to get the latest posts sent to your email.

2 thoughts on “The Pinwheel Galaxy | M101

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *