The Cygnus Wall | NGC 7000

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The Cygnus Wall

NGC 7000 • Star-forming emission nebula • Cygnus • 2600 light-years from Earth

🗓️
Aug & Sep 2023

The Cygnus Wall NGC 7000 in Cygnus, imaged from a light polluted urban sky

Overview

The Cygnus Wall is a turbulent region of star formation, and part of the much larger North America Nebula (NGC 7000). The Cygnus Wall is mostly made from Hydrogen and Sulphur, shown here in orange-red, surrounded by Oxygen, shown here as blue. The Cygnus Wall is about 20 light-years long, or put another way, about 1.3 million times further than the distance between the Earth and Sun!

I put 40 hours of data into this image, which led to a strong signal-to-noise ratio. This means that faint details are visible, despite my city centre location.

Background

I almost captured the Cygnus Wall in an earlier image of the Pelican Nebula, taken with my previous Askar FRA400 telescope. Part of my wanting to upgrade to my new Askar 130PHQ was to really focus in on parts of large nebulae, seeing details that are hard to get with a small-aperture wide-field telescope. So I was drawn to the Cygnus Wall because I knew it was a dynamic part of the night sky, and would fill my focal length of 1000mm very nicely.

The nights are starting to draw in and there was a spell of decent clear weather, which meant it only took me three weeks to collect 40 hours of data in total. 18 hours was Optolong L-Ultimate data. This looked fairly clean after integrating, which is always a good sign! The positive omens continued when I integrated 19 hours of Askar D2 data. This often looks quite a bit worse than the L-Ultimate, as it’s capturing sulphur-II (SII) instead of Hydrogen-alpha, and the signal is usually weaker. Although it was a bit noisy, I was happy to see a decent level of detail. And finally, I captured three hours of RGB (no filter) data. My plan was to just use this for true colour stars, but the nebulosity looked too good to chuck and I ended up including it in the final image by using PixInsight’s NBRGBCombination utility. You can see example raw subframes and freshly integrated data if you scroll down to “Example source data”.

So, this image is actually a mix of S H O and RGB, all from an OSC camera. Pretty neat! It’s fair to say the result could have been obtained faster (and perhaps better) using a mono camera and filters, but the required kit is more expensive and data acquisition would have been a bit more fiddly. In any case, I think the end result is very respectable, especially considering my light-polluted city-centre location.

This image was used as the cover of the Winter 2023/24 issue of community magazine Up Our Street.

Framed astrophoto taken from a light-polluted city, available to buy as a fine art print

Explore the field

1.0×
Objects in this field 3 objects
B 355
Dark nebula
LBN 356
HII region
LBN 354
HII region
About the labels and credits

Positions and outlines are calculated from a plate solution of this photograph. Outlines are catalogue guides and may not follow every visible filament. Additional catalogue objects may be faint or indistinct in this exposure.

Plate solving and annotation data: SkySolver, by Dominik Sito. Stars: Gaia DR3 and Hipparcos (ESA). Deep-sky data: OpenNGC © Mattia Verga (CC BY-SA 4.0), SIMBAD and VizieR (CDS). Names: Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0) and IAU WGSN. Catalogue overlay adaptations, including styling and selected display names, are shared under CC BY-SA 4.0. Photograph © Lee Pullen.

Close-ups

  • Close-up showing an area of intricate nebulosity
  • Close-up of the Cygnus Wall's central region
  • Close-up of dense filaments
  • Close-up showing a darker area

Science

My image is just about good enough to resolve some Bok Globules. These are dense clouds of gas and dust. I think they look like little worms or tadpoles, but they’re actually pretty big — up to a light-year across. They’re denser than the surrounding interstellar medium, so they block background light and appear dark. Inside the Bok Globules, hydrogen gas is compressing to form new stars. So the globules are a bit like shells surrounding baby stars. Planets may be forming too around these stars too!

Imaging details

Total exposure
40 hours
Dates captured
25 August – 15 September 2023 (three weeks)
Location and sky
Bristol, UK (Bortle 8)

Equipment and software

Telescope
Askar 130PHQ Flatfield Astrograph
Camera
ZWO ASI 2600MC Pro
Mount
Sky-Watcher EQ6-R Pro
Control
ASIAIR Plus
Software
PixInsight, Lightroom
Image by
Lee Pullen

Exposure by filter

No filter

Channels
RGB (stars)
Subframes
90 × 2 minutes
Integration
3 hours
View subframe and stack

Single subframe and integrated stack, both with a simple stretch applied.

No filter single subframe
Single subframe2 minutes
No filter integrated stack
Integrated stack3 hours

Optolong L-Ultimate

Channels
Hα / OIII
Subframes
540 × 2 minutes
Integration
18 hours
View subframe and stack

Single subframe and integrated stack, both with a simple stretch applied.

Optolong L-Ultimate single subframe
Single subframe2 minutes
Optolong L-Ultimate integrated stack
Integrated stack18 hours

Askar Colour Magic D2

Channels
SII / OIII
Subframes
570 × 2 minutes
Integration
19 hours
View subframe and stack

Single subframe and integrated stack, both with a simple stretch applied.

Askar D2 single subframe
Single subframe2 minutes
Askar D2 integrated stack
Integrated stack19 hours

Kit list

This is the equipment I used to capture the image.
Affiliate links help support the site at no extra cost to you.

William Optics 50mm with ROTO Lock guidescope

Guidescope: William Optics 50mm with ROTO Lock
Read my review

Buy from Astroshop.eu
Buy from High Point Scientific

Processing

I processed this image using the latest version of PixInsight (1.8.9-2). To begin with the software kept crashing and was basically unusable. The developers must have issued a patch though as after leaving it a few days and trying again it was much more stable. I think that the WeightedBatchPreProcessing (WBPP) function is a bit faster too. 

During processing, I had a particularly hard time putting the stars back into the image after pushing the nebulosity as far as I could. I used simple PixelMath (starlessimage+stars) but the stars looked very bloated, far more than they did in the star mask. I tried using ScreenStars, a new (free!) script by Bill Blanshan and Mike Cranfield. It was very good, and gave me nice tight stars as can be seen in this slider-comparison image. I’ll be using ScreenStars as a standard part of my workflow from now on.

Cygnus Wall stars added using ScreenStars
Cygnus Wall stars added using basic PixelMath
Basic PixelMathScreenStars
Example astrophotography image promoting one-to-one online astrophotography masterclasses

Seestar S50 image

This photo of the Cygnus Wall was taken using my Seestar S50 telescope.

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5 thoughts on “The Cygnus Wall | NGC 7000”

  1. Aymen says:

    A stunningly well processed target. I can see that you have stacked both filters in two separate processes in WBPP, is there a way to have two master lights in one go ?

    Reply
    1. Lee says:

      Good question, there’s probably a way but to be honest I’ve always been fine stacking in this way, so it’s not something I’ve looked into.

      Reply
  2. Geert Van Veirdeghem says:

    That looks absolutly fabelous. but i think you need a faster pc :-p
    i just did 168 x 180s OSC subs of IC 405/IC 410 and it took 1u40

    Reply
    1. Lee says:

      Ha yes, I upgraded my PC just last month and it’s much speedier now!

      Reply

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