The Pleiades
M45 • Open star cluster • Taurus • 440 light-years from Earth
🔭
Askar FRA400
📷
ZWO 2600MC Pro
🌃
Bortle 8
⏱️
22 hours
🗓️
Dec ‘21 – Jan ‘22
Overview
The Pleiades, also known as M45, is a bright open star cluster located around 440 light-years from Earth in the constellation Taurus. It’s made up of hot, young stars that are currently passing through a cloud of interstellar gas and dust. Rather than emitting light itself, this dust reflects the starlight, producing the distinctive blue glow that makes the Pleiades one of the most recognisable and visually striking targets in astrophotography, and a prime object to image from light-polluted skies.
Background
The Pleiades has been on my hit-list for a while, and so with the arrival of winter I decided its time had come. Being a broadband target, I didn’t use my faithful Optolong L-eXtreme filter. I rely on long integration times to brute force my way through light pollution and obtain a good signal-to-noise ratio.
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Explore the field
Objects in this field 26 objects
26 objects
No matching objects.
- PleiadesM 45
- Open clusterAlso catalogued as Mel 22 · LBN 770 · LBN 772 · Cr 42
- Alcyoneη Tau
- StarAlso catalogued as 25 Tau · HR 1165 · HD 23630 · HIP 17702
- B7III · Double (STFA 8AB) 117.6″ at 291°, companion 6.27 mag
- Electra17 Tau
- StarAlso catalogued as HR 1142 · HD 23302 · HIP 17499
- B6III
- Atlas27 Tau
- StarAlso catalogued as HR 1178 · HD 23850 · HIP 17847
- B8III
- Maia20 Tau
- StarAlso catalogued as HR 1149 · HD 23408 · HIP 17573
- B8III
- Merope23 Tau
- StarAlso catalogued as V971 Tau · HR 1156 · HD 23480 · HIP 17608
- B6IV · β Cep variable 4.18–4.19 mag
- Celaeno16 Tau
- StarAlso catalogued as HR 1140 · HD 23288 · HIP 17489
- B7IV
- Taygetaq Tau
- StarAlso catalogued as 19 Tau · HR 1145 · HD 23338 · HIP 17531
- B6V
- Asterope21 Tau
- StarAlso catalogued as HR 1151 · HD 23432 · HIP 17579
- B8V · Double (HJL 1026AB) 149.6″ at 130°, companion 6.42 mag
- Pleione28 Tau
- Variable starAlso catalogued as BU Tau · HR 1180 · HD 23862 · HIP 17851
- B7p · γ Cas variable 4.77–5.50 mag
- Merope NebulaNGC 1435
- Reflection nebulaAlso catalogued as vdB 22 · Ced 19j
- Maia NebulaNGC 1432
- Reflection nebulaAlso catalogued as LBN 771 · vdB 21 · Ced 19f
- Ced 19g
- Reflection nebula
- Ced 19e
- Reflection nebula
- Ced 19c
- Reflection nebula
- Ced 19h
- Reflection nebula
- 18 Tau
- StarAlso catalogued as HR 1144 · HD 23324 · HIP 17527
- B8V
- Ced 19o
- Reflection nebula
- 22 Tau
- StarAlso catalogued as HR 1152 · HD 23441 · HIP 17588
- A0Vn
- 26 Tau
- StarAlso catalogued as HD 23822 · HIP 17832
- F0
- Ced 19k
- Reflection nebula
- LBN 776
- Reflection nebula
- Barnard's Merope NebulaIC 349
- Reflection nebulaAlso catalogued as Ced 19i
- IC 1990
- NebulaAlso catalogued as Ced 19m
- vdB 20
- Reflection nebulaAlso catalogued as Ced 19d
- vdB 23
- Reflection nebulaAlso catalogued as Ced 19l
About the labels and credits
Positions and outlines are calculated from a plate solution of this photograph. Outlines are catalogue guides and may not follow every visible filament. Additional catalogue objects may be faint or indistinct in this exposure.
Plate solving and annotation data: SkySolver, by Dominik Sito. Stars: Gaia DR3 and Hipparcos (ESA). Deep-sky data: OpenNGC © Mattia Verga (CC BY-SA 4.0), SIMBAD and VizieR (CDS). Names: Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0) and IAU WGSN. Catalogue overlay adaptations, including styling and selected display names, are shared under CC BY-SA 4.0. Photograph © Lee Pullen.
Science
My favourite part of the Pleiades is the Merope Nebula. It’s so-named because it’s the nebula surrounding the star Merope, although it also has an official name: NGC 1435.
The nebula itself is the result of fine grains of dust surrounding the star reflecting light, giving it soft blueish hue. The wisps are produced by a few processes:
- Dust particles clumping together;
- Blue light being scattered the most, making areas with smaller dust grains look lighter;
- Radiation and stellar winds from nearby stars carving out filaments;
- Motion within the nebula twisting and stretching filaments over time.
Kit list
This is the equipment I used to capture the image.
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Telescope: Askar FRA400
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Camera: ZWO ASI 2600MC Pro
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Guidescope: William Optics 32mm Slide-Base Uniguide
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Guidecam: ZWO ASI 120MM Mini
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Control: ASIAIR Plus
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Processing
For this image I conducted some experiments about stretching the data in PixInsight. Normally I’ll use EZ Soft Stretch or simply apply the STF function to HistogramTransformation, but I’d come across a Stargazers Lounge post about how some keen astroimagers have made a new process, called Generalised Hyperbolic Stretch (GHS). It’s quite complex to use.
Here’s my data stretched using three different methods:
The first two methods produced a fine result, but GHS did a better job of keeping the stars nice and tight, while bringing out more nebulosity. So, I kept the GHS version and went on to fully edit it. GHS has got a lot of potential, and I plan to use it for future images too; and maybe even re-edit some old data using it as well.
The rest of the processing was fairly straightforward. I did a little bit of DarkStructureEnhance and a few other tweaks in PixInsight. I tried to use StarNet to remove the stars, with a mind to process them separately to the nebulosity, but too many artifacts remained. Happily, the GHS stretch controlled the stars so effectively that I could actually use Topaz DeNoise AI on the whole image, including stars, and it worked nicely. (Normally Topaz DeNoise AI doesn’t handle stars well, so I just use it on starless versions, then add the stars back in later).
Then it was into Lightroom for some tweaks, and that was pretty much it.
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A wall canvas worthy picture. One of my favorite targets and I absolutely love the color that you brought out on this target. One that I am anxiously excited for when my new rig comes in.
I’m curious of the cropping you used. Did you use dynamic crop, Pixinsight? Beautiful target and beautiful photo.
Thanks, I do actually have this one printed and framed on a wall! I always use DynamicCrop as the first stage of processing, but only to take a few pixels off each edge, in case there are any stacking artefacts. The next time I do any cropping is as the final stage of processing, before exporting the image.
Thanks for the insight on how to get the nebulosity from a polluted site, I did attempt this last winter from London but to no avail in capturing any nebulosity. But that was before I understood the frequencies of reflection nebulae are usually filtered out when using multiband or general pollution filters. I will attempt again this winter without any filters and as much exposure time as possible. I assume I should avoid this target on moonlit nights as well.
I am enjoying your site, some very helpful information here. Thank you for this and some great images.
Thanks Kurt! I actually image regardless of what the Moon’s doing. New Moon, Full Moon, it makes no difference to me. If the skies are clear, I’ll be collecting data. Good processing skills using software like PixInsight make all the difference! And for reference, most of the data used in this Pleiades photo was obtained with a bright Moon very nearby in the sky.
Just found your website Lee, great info here! I too image here from Bristol, near Henleaze so I guess Bortle 6.5 ish. I’m planning to image Pleiades next clear nights with my latest setup (125mm APO f5.9). Last time I used my skytech l-pro max lp filter, but dealing with the halos was a pita on this target, so will try without! I agree with integration time, I always try to get close to 10hrs min on targets. Cheers.
Oh wow, you’re only a 20-minute drive from me – we’re practically neighbours! Good luck with your image, I’d be interested to see the end result. I’m tempted to give it another go with my new telescope too…
On your ASI2600mc camera, did you use 0 gain or 100 gain as you didn’t use filters.
Some Cloudynights posts say to use 0 gain for broadband objects from a light polluted area, while others use 100 gain for every object.
FYI, I just received my ASI2600mc a few days ago and it’s been cloudy since. I’m probably going to try 0 gain on some galaxies and globular clusters from my Bortle 8 location just to see. Would you recommend 120 exposures as a start for Bortle 8 skies or would this oversaturate the stars?
I use gain 100 and 120-second exposures for everything. It’s worked well so far! I guess I may need to reduce the subframe length if imaging something with lots of very bright stars, like The Pleiades, using my Askar 130PHQ, because it just collects to much light.